Replacement Housing (Помещения для ремонтного молодняка)

Replacement Housing (Помещения для ремонтного молодняка)

Кубанский государственный аграрный университет

Кафедра иностранных языков

Реферат

на тему:

«Replacement Housing.»

(«Помещения для ремонтного молодняка»)

Подготовил: студент группы СТ-21

Деревенец Ф. Н.

Краснодар, 1998

Contents

Management factors. Affecting design 4

Facility management 5

Herd size and makeup 5

Management groups 6

Resting space 7

Feeding and watering space 7

Handling and treatment facilities 8

Prep room 8

Feed and bedding storage 8

Cold housing 11

Warm housing 11

Calf housing (up to weaning) 11

Hutches in Cold Housing 12

Hutch management 13

Individual Pen in Cold Housing 13

Individual Stall in Warm Housing 13

Transition housing (3-5 months) 15

Calf Shelter or Super Hutch 17

Transition Barn 17

Calf Barn 18

Heifer housing (6-24 months) 19

Freestall Housing 20

Two-row freestall barn 20

Two-row graduated freestall barn 21

Two-row gated freestall 22

Drive-through gated freestall 24

Bedded Pack 24

Counter-sloped barn 24

Optional outside lots 25

Факторы управления. Воздействие на проект. 27

Средства управления 28

Размеры и структура стада. 28

Управление группами 30

Помещения для отдыха 31

Пространство для кормления 31

Обработка и средства обработки 32

Подготовительное помещение 32

Хранение корма и подстилок 32

Холодное помещение 34

Теплое помещение 35

Помещения для телят (вплоть до отлучения) 36

Клетки в холодном помещении 36

Управление клетками 36

Индивидуальные загоны в холодном помещении 37

Индивидуальное стойло в теплом помещении 37

Переходное помещение (3-5 месяцев) 39

Укрытие для теленка или первоклассная клетка 41

Переходный сарай 42

Сарай для телят 44

Помещение для нетелей (6-24 месяцев) 44

Боксовые помещения 45

Двухрядный боксовый сарай 45

Двухрядный дифференцированный боксовый сарай 46

Двухрядный закрываемый бокс 47

Сквозной закрываемый бокс 48

Подстилочный узел 48

Встречно-наклонный сарай 49

Дополнительный внешний участок 51

As replacement heifers grow, their needs change. This includes a change

in needed physical environment. When a heifer is young, it is physically

separated from other animals to minimize the risk of disease. As it grows,

it is grouped with other animals to increase resistance to disease and

prepare the animal for the breeding herd. Eventually the animal enters the

breeding herd and finally the milking herd.

Each stage of production requires housing to meet the physical needs of

the animal.

Management factors. Affecting design

House replacement animals in separate facilities away from the milking

herd to foster a healthy environment for each group. Well-designed and

properly-managed replacement animal housing allows the ability to adopt the

best management practices currently recommended. Plan space, equipment,

environment, rations and care to meet the needs of each group. Manage

replacements in groups according to their specific requirements. Facility

design should allow for easy implementation of the management plan for each

group. When planning replacement animal housing, provide:

> Adequate resting and exercise space.

> Covered, dry and draft-free resting area.

> Good quality fresh air.

> Adequate space for feed and water.

> Space to group animals by size or age.

> Clean lots to maintain sanitary conditions.

> Isolation area for sick animals.

> Observation area for animals.

> Treatment facilities.

> Space for handling and restraint of animals.

Poorly planned or improperly managed animal housing increases the risk

of disease or injury. High humidities are especially detrimental to animal

health. Pneumonia, scours and other diseases can permanently damage vital

body organs and reduce milk producing potential of an animal. Calves and

heifers raised in a poor environment may never reach their full genetic

potential for milk production.

Facility management

For healthy, high producing replacement animals, provide high quality

housing and a management plan that addresses animals' needs. Good

management, understanding what to do and then doing it on schedule, is

important to the success of any housing system. Sanitation, stall

maintenance, bedding, ventilation control, feeding, herd health, treatment

and close observation are all important management practices. Young animals

may need training and/or time to get accustomed to using freestalls. Daily

or routine chores such as feeding, stall maintenance or manure removal

should be made as convenient as possible to make sure they are accomplished

in a timely manner.

Herd size and makeup

Herd size can mean either the number of cows actually milking or mature

cows both dry and milking. In this handbook, the herd size is the number of

mature cows.

Typical herd makeup, assuming uniform calving year-round, is given in

Table 1. The numbers in the table reflect no culling of heifers or calves.

Use this table to determine housing needed for each management group.

Provide:

> Calf housing (0-2 months).

> Transition housing (3-5 months).

> Heifer housing:

V 6-8 months

V 9-12 months

V 13-15 months (breeding age)

V 16-24 months

The number of replacement animals to be housed depends on the number of

milking cows and bred heifers. As herd size increases, so does number of

replacements. Increasing herd size without expanding facilities for

replacements results in crowding which can increase injury, disease

transmission, and lower growth rates.

Table 1. Typical management categories of a herd.[1]

This table is only a management guideline. These are categories and not

group size

|Herd size = total cows |75 |100 |250 |400 |

|Calves and heifers |75 |100 |250 |400 |

|0-2 months, 150 lb |6 |8 |20 |32 |

|3-5 months, 250 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |

|6-8 months, 400 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |

|9-12 months, 600 lb |14 |18 |45 |72 |

|13-15 months, 800 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |

|16-24 months, 1,000 lb |29 |38 |95 |152 |

|Dry cows |13 |17 |43 |68 |

|Transition (first 4-14 days) |0-4 |1-5 |4-9 |5-16 |

|Next 40 days |8-9 |11-12 |28-30 |45-48 |

|(Divide in 2 groups) | | | | |

|Close-up |2-5 |3-6 |8-15 |16-24 |

|(2-3 weeks prepartum) | | | | |

|Maternity (individual pens) |3-5 |4-6 |10-16 |16-24 |

|Fresh cows |1-3 |1-4 |3-10 |4-12 |

|(from 0-7 days postpartum) | | | | |

|Two-years-old (305 days)[2] |18-24 |26-30 |65-75 |104-120 |

|Three years and older (305 |44 |58 |145 |232 |

|days) b |15-18 |20-24 |50-60 |80-96 |

|High producers | | | | |

|(120 days or less) |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |

|Medium producers |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |

|Low producers | | | | |

|Sick cows |0-4 |0-5 |0-13 |0-20 |

Management groups

Separating replacement animals into groups according to age, size or

special management needs allows each group to be treated according to its

needs. Plan building space and layout for these groups of animals using

Tables 2 and 3. More than one group can be housed in the same building, but

allow for managing each group separately. In larger herds, separate

facilities may be provided for each group. Some of the benefits of managing

animals in groups are:

> Healthier animals by minimizing the risk of transmitting disease to

younger animals.

> Good feed efficiency by reducing competition for feed.

> Calving at proper weight and size at 24 months.

> Feed handling ease, and proper diets according to age.

> Manure handling ease.

> Animal observation and handling ease for breeding, treatment and

grouping.

> Proper ventilation and environment.

> Proper resting space or freestall size.

Space requirements for a particular operation depend on the housing

system chosen and how replacements move from the resting area to feed and

to water and back again. Herd size and makeup are guides to estimating the

space needed for resting, but alley size, water space and bunk space must

also be considered to accommodate the animals and provide an animal

friendly environment.

Provide separate areas for resting and feeding. Feeding in resting

areas increases manure accumulation and more bedding is required to keep

animals clean and dry.

Resting space

Adequate resting space for management groups is a key factor in

efficient growth. Required space for different housing alternatives

including bedded resting areas, self-cleaning resting areas (solid, sloped

floors) and freestalls are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

Feeding and watering space

Provide adequate feeding space, so young stock do not have to compete

for feed. Optimum feeding space varies with type of feed, feeding schedule

and animal size, Fig 1 and Tables 5 and 6.

Water is essential at all times. Provide at least one watering space

per 20 animals. Dairy heifers need 1-1,5 gal of water daily per 100 lb body

weight. Select waterers that are easy to clean; protect them from freezing.

Locate waterers on elevated curbs and in a location that allows easy manure

removal around them. Adjust waterer height to allow small animal access.

Handling and treatment facilities

Animal treatment areas are a necessary part of the replacement housing

system. Vaccinations, artificial insemination, pregnancy checking,

deworming, dehorning and examinations are done easily and safely for

animals and workers when animals can be separated and restrained easily.

Equipment that eases labor and saves time in handling animals are:

> Scales.

> Self-locking feed stanchions.

> Gating/fencing.

> Squeeze chute/breeding chute.

Prep room

Locate a work room near calf housing for feed storage, a

refrigerator/freezer, hot water heater, cleaning sink, health records and

supplies. This area can be used to prepare milk replacer and clean feeding

equipment.

Feed and bedding storage

Store bedding and feed in the building or nearby. Reduce daily hauling

and feeding time by storing a one to two weeks supply. Storage space

depends on animal density, feeding frequency and feed availability.

Table 2. Calf and transition housing.

|Housing type |Pen size |

|0—2 months (individual pens) | |

|Calf hutch (plus 4'x6' outdoor run) |4'x8' |

|Bedded pen |4'x7' |

|Tie stall (warm housing only) |2'x4' |

|3-5 months (groups up to 6 head) | |

|Super calf hutch |25-30 ft2/hd |

|Bedded pen |25-30 ft2/hd |

Table 3. Replacement heifer resting area space requirements.

|Age, months |Weight, lb |Self-cleanin|Bedded |Slotted |Paved |

| | |g resting |resting |floor, ft2 |outside lot,|

| | |area[3],ft2 |area[4], ft2| |ft2 |

|0-2[5] |100-190 |Do not use |32 (4'x8' |Do not use |Do not use |

| | | |hutch) | | |

|3-5 |190-350 |Do not use |28(4'x7' |Do not use |Do not use |

|6-8 |350-500 |10 |pen) |12 |35 |

|9-12 |500-650 |12 |28 |13 |40 |

|13-15 |650-800 |15 |25 |17 |45 |

|16-24 |800-1,200 |18[6] |28 |25 |50 |

|Dry cow |> 1,300 |20d |32 |35 |55 |

| | | |40 | | |

| | | |50 | | |

Table 4. Heifer freestall dimensions.

Stall width measured o. c. of 2" pipe stall dividers.

Stall length measured from alley side of curb to front of stall.

|Age, months |Weight, lb |Freestall size |Neck rail |

| | |Width, in |Length, in |Height above|Distance |

| | | | |stall bed, |from back |

| | | | |in |curb, in |

|6-8 |350-500 |30 |60 |28 |46 |

|9-12 |500-650 |33 |64 |30 |49 |

|13-15 |650-800 |37 |72 |34 |57 |

|16-24 |800-1,200 |42 |78 |37 |62 |

|Dry cow |> 1,300 |45 |84 |40 |66 |

Table 5. Suggested dimensions for post and rail feeding fences.

|Age, months |Weight, lb |Throat height, in |Neck rail height, |

| | | |in |

|6-8[7] |360-490 |14 |28 |

|9-12 |490-650 |16 |30 |

|13-15 |650-780 |17 |34 |

|16-24 |780-1,200 |19 |41 |

|Cows |1,200-1,500 |21 |48 |

Table 6. Feed space requirements.

|Type |Age, months |Mature |

| | |cow |

| |3-4 |5-8 |9-12 |13-15 |16-24 | |

| |in/animal |

|Self feeder | | | | | | |

|Hay or silage |4 |4 |5 |6 |6 |6 |

|Mixed ration or grain |12 |12 |15 |18 |18 |18 |

|Once-a-day feeding | | | | | | |

|Hay, silage, or ration |12 |18 |22 |26 |26 |26-30 |

Cold housing

Cold housing is the recommended system for raising replacement animals.

Cold housing building systems provide a dry and draft-free environment in

winter, and wind ventilation and shade in summer. The building is usually

uninsulated and has natural ventilation designed as an integral part of the

building. Indoor temperature follows outside temperature very closely.

Advantages of a cold housing are:

> Less expensive to build.

> Less expensive to ventilate and heat.

> Better disease control.

> During cold weather, disadvantages of a cold housing are:

> Freezing can make manure handling difficult.

> Waterers must be protected from freezing.

> Frostbite of calves ears may be a problem.

> Increased feed required to maintain body heat.

Warm housing

A warm housing system is less desirable for raising replacements.

Typically environmentally controlled systems are improperly managed

resulting in health and growth problems. The buildings are typically

insulated heavily and a controlled mechanical ventilation system delivers

fresh outside air. Properly designed inlets allow fresh outside air to be

evenly distributed throughout the entire structure.

Design mechanical ventilation systems in calf barns to provide minimum

continuous exchange of air, Table 7. Because the number of calves and young

heifers in a facility vary, design mechanical ventilation systems for a

range of stocking rates.

Calf housing (up to weaning)

Calves and young heifers are very susceptible to respiratory illness

and other diseases. Keep calves less than two months old in clean, dry,

draft-free facilities with adequate space, bedding and fresh air. Separate

calves to reduce disease transfer from nose-to-nose contact. Separate calf

groups from older animals to minimize exposure to disease organisms. Keep

calves in individual pens in an enclosed building or individual hutches

until weaning. After weaning they can be moved to small group pens.

Hutches in Cold Housing

Calf hutches have proven to be an excellent way to house calves. Only

one calf occupies each hutch. Typical hutches are 4'x8'x 4'. Fig 2

illustrates plywood construction. Leave one end of the hutch open and

provide a wire fence enclosure so the calf can move outside. Optional

tethers can be used where predators are not a problem. Seal tightly all

other sections of the hutch, except for the front and bottom, to reduce the

wind blowing through the hutch in winter. During summer, the rear of the

hutch can be blocked up 6" to allow for cross ventilation or design an

opening in the rear of the hutch with a tight fitting door.

There are also a variety of prefabricated plastic/fiberglass hutches on

the market. Hutches made of a translucent material require shade in summer.

Summer shade reduces heat stress on all types of hutches. Provide enough

shade to allow hutches to be moved.

Hutch management

Face hutch fronts south or east to provide draft protection during

winter and sun exposure during the day. Provide enough hutches to allow a

minimum of two weeks resting period after a calf is removed. Locate hutches

on a well drained area. Crushed rock or sand base provide a solid base for

bedding and lessen the possibility the hutch will freeze to the ground in

winter. After removing the calf, move the hutch to a clean site to break

disease cycles. Use enough bedding to keep calves clean and dry and to

insulate calves from the ground. To provide operator comfort, hutches may

be placed inside a well ventilated shed or structure, in effect providing a

cold housing environment in winter and shade in the summer, Fig 3.

Individual Pen in Cold Housing

Individual calf pens, Fig 4, can be used inside a cold housing

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