Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia

stations and Ekibastuz heater in central regions of Russia and in the

countries of Europe.

With the purposes of security of a mutually acceptable uniform tax

condition of trade in the electric power, utilities equipment it is

expedient to realize transition of the countries at collection of indirect

taxes on a principle the countries of assignment. In this connection for a

heightening of efficiency of a parallel operation of electric power systems

the simplification of customs procedures is important at migration of

electrical power through the customs boundary.

The major factor of a development of the power market is the deepening

of cooperating in the field of scientific researches and developments of

advanced techniques in manufacture of power, electro technical equipment.

Now all aspects of equipment are made for power stations in Russia,

(Leningrad metal factory, Belenergomash, Uralenergomash, Siberenergomash).

With disintegration of Union economic links between the manufacturers and

consumers of a utilities equipment considerably have worsened, that is

negatively reflected in availability index of product of power complexes of

the country. On this question it is expedient except of concrete measures

at a level of Government.

1.3 Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.

Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications one of the most

perspective regions of a development of two-sided ratios between Kazakhstan

and Russia. Both states in a context of a development of transport

cooperating have the friend for the friend a strategic value, as, apart

from a wide national transport web, occupy defining a geographical

position.

Kazakhstan and Russia are closely coupled by the transport

communications. In this connection of Kazakhstan is sensitive reacts to any

variations under the tariffs for freight traffic on region of Russia.

One of key here of questions - transportation of oil and gas through

region of Russia. In aggregate transportation of the Caspian oil and in the

whole oil is one of the major sides of the Russia -Kazakhstan cooperating.

First of all this magnifying of a channel capacity of an oil pipeline

Atyrau – Samara up to 15 millions tons of oil per one year. The intimation

into service CPC ensures export of the Kazakhstan oil on a long-term

perspective.

In a period with 1995 and till 1999 Russia gave Kazakhstan such quota,

which did not allow the Kazakhstan exporters to involve the algorithm

manifold Atyrau – Samara on an apparent watts its annual channel capacity

in 10,5 mln of tons of oil. And only in 1999 the algorithm manifold was

loaded almost on 100 %. The agreement on magnifying of a quota at transit

of oil in long-distance foreign countries at first up to 5 mln of tons

(December 23, 1998) was signed, and then (February 25, 1999) up to 7,5 mln

of tons (the quota in short-range foreign countries has remained former -

3,5 mln of tons). This decision initiated occurrence of the project of

reconstruction and modernizing of the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara

for magnifying of a channel capacity at first up to 12 mln of tons, then -

up to 15 mln of tons.

This project, designed transport companies of both countries - Russian

“Transoil” and Kazakhstan “Kazakhoil”, is favorable to both sides. For

“Transoil” the transportation of the Kazakhstan oil on the algorithm

manifolds that for complete use of their powers does not suffice 20 mln

tons, brings additional profit.

The first stage of reconstruction of the algorithm manifold Atyrau -

Samara- its channel capacity now is realized is lifted up to 12 mln of

tons. Due to this the arrangement with Russia about magnifying of a transit

quota in 2000 also was reached.

For Kazakhstan the magnifying of a channel capacity of the algorithm

manifold Atyrau – Samara and export of oil through Russia opens the

perspective market of selling, what Europe is. On a system of oil pipelines

"«Friendship" the Kazakhstan oil can act in Germanium, Poland, Hungary,

Slovenia, Czechia and Slovakia, where there is a stable demand for oil.

Under the forecasts of the experts, by 2010 Central and East Europe will

import about 80 mln of tons of oil to one year. Now more than half of

volumes of imported oil in this region make delivering of the countries of

CIS, primarily - from Russia (51 %). Having expanded outbound opportunities

in this direction, Kazakhstan can become one of the largest suppliers of

raw material in the European countries.

By share efforts of Kazakhstan and Russia is put into operation

Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC). The common extent of the algorithm

manifold makes 1 580 km, primal channel capacity 28 mln ton / year. Thus

for reaching a maximum channel capacity 67 mln of tons of oil per one year

(from them 45 mln ton - for Kazakhstan oil supplier) it is necessary only

to augment opportunities of pump stations, that is recognized schedule to

carry out in four stages. There is a construction of the algorithm manifold

up to Atyrau, which will connect Karachiganak with CPC and will allow

originally pumping up to 7 mln of tons of oil, and in future - up to 11 mln

of tons.

During nearest of forty years CPC will be a stable source of the

incomes for the shareholders, and also Russia and Kazakhstan. According to

accounts, for a period of maintenance of the algorithm manifold in federal

and regional budgets of Russia will arrive approximately 23,3 billion of US

dollars as deductions and profit, of Kazakhstan will receive approximately

8,2 billion of dollars.

The development of transport cooperating with Russian Federation is

most actual for Kazakhstan’s for today within the framework of architecture

of regional and transcontinental transit.

Regional transit. Russian Federation is one of the basic countries of

shaping and assignment of transit weights; on its share it is necessary

about 26 % of shaping and 20 % of assignment of weights from total amount

of all transit transportations.

Transcontinental transit. In the whole transit streams in directions

Southeast and East Asia Europe are evaluated approximately in 330 - 400

billion of dollars. Thus up to 20 % of these streams can pass through

region of Russia and Kazakhstan.

Taking into account in the whole size commodity circulation, iron roads of

the Eurasian continent and primarily Kazakhstan and Russia have real

potential for partial stylus orientations transcontinental good traffic

with sea on railway routes.

For Kazakhstan in this direction of activity has a primary value a

development of transportations on Northern corridor Trans Asian of a

railway turnpike on a route “China - Kazakhstan - Russia – Byelorussia

Poland - Germany. Now Kazakhstan together with Russia Europe - Asia and

back carries on active operation on shaping this terrestrial transport

corridor by the message.

As a whole in transport-communication sphere before Kazakhstan the

following tasks stand:

• Saving conditions for transit of the Kazakhstan power resources through

region of Russia, maintenance at a necessary level of quotas on transit of

oil for Kazakhstan.

• Scheduled magnifying of a channel capacity CPC.

• Decision of accumulating questions between the Ministry of means of

communication of Russian Federation and CJSC of “Kazakhstan Temir Joli” on

railroad rates and other questions.

• Creation of the share enterprises in transport branch.

• Realization share transport - communication of the projects on active use

of transit potential of Kazakhstan and Russia.

2. ABOUT A CONDITION OF FOREIGN TRADE BOTH DEV’T OF THE JOINT /

ENTERPRISES KAZAKHSAN AND RUSSIA

Indexes of foreign trade of RK with RF, 1995-2001

| |1995 |1996 |1997 |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |

|Commodity | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2489,2 | 4227,6 | 4 639,3|

|circulation |265,5 |809,0 |257.2 |323.2 | | | |

|mln of US | | | | | | | |

|dollars | | | | | | | |

|In % to the | | 112,7 | 88,5 | 78,1 | 74,8 | 169,8 | 109,7 |

|appropriate | | | | | | | |

|period of the| | | | | | | |

|previous year| | | | | | | |

|Export, mln | 2 | 2484,4| 2 | 1 | 1 138,6| 1 769,1| 1 748,4|

|of US dollars|365,8 | |287,8 |611,4 | | | |

|In % to the | | 105 | 92,1 | 70,4 | 70,7 | 155,4 | 98,8 |

|appropriate | | | | | | | |

|period of the| | | | | | | |

|previous year| | | | | | | |

|Import, mln | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 350,6| 2458,5 | 2 890,9|

|of US dollars|899.7 |324,6 |969,4 |711,8 | | | |

|In % to the | | 122,4 | 84,7 | 86,9 | 78,9 | 182 | 117,6 i|

|appropriate | | | | | | | |

|period of the| | | | | | | |

|previous year| | | | | | | |

|Balance, mln | 466,1| 159,8 | 318,4 | -100,4| -212 | -689,4 | -1 |

|of US dollars| | | | | | |142,5 |

|Specific | 45,1 | 42 | 35,2 | 29,6 | 19,8 | 19,4 | 20,2 |

|gravity of | | | | | | | |

|Russia in | | | | | | | |

|total amount | | | | | | | |

|of export | | | | | | | |

|from | | | | | | | |

|Kazakhstan, | | | | | | | |

|in % | | | | | | | |

|Specific | 49,9 | 54,8 | 45,8 | 39,4 | 36,7 | 48,7 | 45,4 |

|gravity of | | | | | | | |

|Russia in | | | | | | | |

|total amount | | | | | | | |

|of import in | | | | | | | |

|Kazakhstan, | | | | | | | |

|in % | | | | | | | |

Russian Federation of the valid historically folded processes of an

economic development is the basic trade partner of Kazakhstan and basic

consumer of Kazakhstan production. The specific gravity of Russian

Federation in volume of export in the countries of CIS annually makes not

less than 91-93 %.

In 1997 the reorientation on a development of the foreign trade links

with the countries of long-distance foreign countries began. In this

connection a -percent ratio in volumes of export between the countries of

Commonwealth essentially has varied. In 1997 there was cutting volumes of

foreign trade between Russia and Kazakhstan, per consequent years this

tendency continued to be magnified. On many goods occupying a powerful

share in export of Kazakhstan production in Russia, there was a significant

lowering of standard items.

In 2000 there was an essential heightening of volumes of export with

all countries - basic trade partners from among Commonwealth. The foreign

trade turnover of Kazakhstan with Russia in 2000 has approximated to a

level of 1997. The export has increased as contrasted to 1999 in 1,5 times,

the import has increased by 82 %. In 2001 as contrasted to 2000 of

delivering in Russian Federation practically have remained at a former

level (reduction by 1 %).

The share of Russia in total amount of export in 2001 has made 20,2 %

(in 2000 -19,4 %).

The greatest specific gravity in structure of export in Russian Federation

occupy:

Mineral products - 47,1 of % in 2001 (46,8 % in 2000): coal - 91 % of

export coal from Kazakhstan, oil and gaseous condensate - 12 %, ores and

concentrates iron, chrome, zinc -10,3 % (7,9 %); products of inorganic

chemistry junction, inorganic and organic precious and rarely of metals of

radioactive elements and isotopes 13 % (13,5 %): an oxide and hydracids of

aluminum - 90 % of all outbound delivering; ferrous metals - 8,2 % (6,3 %).

In import from Russian Federation predominate: mineral products,

machines and equipment.

In 2001 basic paper of import was: purchase of mineral fuel, oil and

petroleum - 21,4 % (more than 77 % from common import of fuel, from them

coke, diesel fuel, lubricant oils, electric power;the machines and

equipment - 16,3 %, metallurgical production -14,5 %, vehicles -13 %,

production chemical and industries, coupled to it,-12 %, plastic and work

piece from it -4 % were imported.

On October 1 2001 in Republic of Kazakhstan 740 share and foreign

enterprises created with participation of Russia (including 466 share and

274 foreign enterprises) with the authorized capital - 22,7 billion tenge

operated. The share of the foreign founder in the authorized capital has

made 1,3 billion tenge, or 5,94 %. From them 121 enterprises manufactured

production, 72 - realized deliverings on export, 182 - had import receipts

and 456 realized delivering on a home market. In 2000 in republic 461

enterprises, in 1999 - 325 operated.

The enterprises created together with the Russian partners, realize

the following aspects of activity: production of crude oil, mounting of the

process equipment, construction of civil engineering buildings, manufacture

of the electric power both electro distributive and monitoring equipment,

pharmaceutical products, copper, woolen and synthetic fabrics, flour,

processing and conservator of production, rendering of different aspects of

services and researches, maintenance and repair of automobiles, activity in

the field of a wireless and television.

2.1 Some aspects of economic interaction Kazakhstan and Russia

For adjustment and intensive development of mutually advantageous two-

sided ratios within the framework of CIS Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian

Federation have necessary objective premises. Russia and Kazakhstan make a

basis of huge Eurasian region, in which historically there were steady

geopolitical, economic, ethnic and cultural links of two countries and

peoples. In many vital spheres the national interests of two countries are

close or coincide, both countries hold on to course on saving of common

defensive, humanitarian and information space and the stability and

prosperity of two countries, further democratic of a society and success of

market transformations are equally interested in hardening safety.

The interaction of Kazakhstan with Russia is a priority in external

policy, external economic and military-strategic course of republic. A

complex of the reasons conditions and factors having not tactical, but

basic essence and long-time character stipulates it.

Today common balance of mutual relation between Kazakhstan and Russia

has positive character, as consider each other as the strategic partners

and it establishes the important premise for their mutual cooperating in

the field of policy, economy, science, engineering and other spheres.

Kazakhstan-Russian economic partnership belongs to the most advanced

regions of two-sided ratios between two states, as for this purpose both

countries have premises for rapprochement. It in many respects defines

character, both mutual relation, and other economic links, folding in the

European direction, of Kazakhstan.

On today there are favorable and unfavorable factors inherent in

Kazakhstan on a path to economic cooperating to Russia.

Alongside with the favorable factors of a development of two-sided economic

ratioes exist as well unfavorable or constraining moment. The overcoming of

economic barriers by means of restoring cooperation links will allow

introducing the operations in frameworks EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union).

2.2 The factors of economic interaction of Kazakhstan and Russia

Favorable

a) Presence in Kazakhstan of large mineral operational lives.

b) Transit potential and favorable geopolitical position of Kazakhstan at

the center of the Eurasian continent: on a crossroads of trade and

transport paths from Europe in Asia: through China on Far East ports,

Pacific Ocean of the state; through Iran and Turkey in the Mediterranean

pool.

c) Determination of Kazakhstan and Russia as basic trade partners on export

and import.

d) Retention of Kazakhstan in the majority large international

architectures UN, Architecture of Economic Cooperating, Economic union

Central Asian of the countries (together with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan)

and Central-Asian Bank of Cooperating and Development (CABCD); Great five

Republic of Kazakhstan in frameworks of CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus,

Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan).

e) The large region with the common boundary (more than 6.000 kms) with

Russia, that has for two countries a serious value in matter of hardening

of their national and collective safety.

f) The residing in republic of the large ethnic interlayer of the European

origin (Russian, Ukraine, Germany) is one of the factors of rapprochement

of Kazakhstan with the European civilization and culture.

Unfavorable

a) A close arrangement of Kazakhstan to the inconsistent states Central

Asian of region.

b) Support by Kazakhstan of multifactor policy in a ratio of transportation

of the Caspian oil.

c) The boundaries Central Asian of the states from a point of view of

international law properly not democratic of Republic of Kazakhstan;

Kazakhstan has appeared as a matter of fact cut off from Western Europe

d) Increase of ecological crisis, that weakens its positions in region and

world, narrows down opportunities of fast industrial growth.

e) Absence in Kazakhstan of a direct exit to World Ocean, exterior warm

seas, that hampers links with the largest centers of a modern civilization.

f) Support by the countries of trade wars (introduction of limitation on

import of the goods, policy of an ascertaining dumping in relation to the

exported goods, raw interdependence of the countries etc.).

In the beginning 1990s. It seemed, that the revived democratic states

within the framework of their new statuses would be and further dynamically

to explicate the ratios, filling their contents, adequate to a new

position. However it has not taken place and in basic for past years of two-

way communications were characterized defined inertia.

As displays the analysis, the policy of Russia in a ratio of the

states of Commonwealth for flowing out five years did not differ by a

sequence.

There was a natural process of comprehension of key national-state

interests attended by searching for new, as it seemed, more perspective

partners.

Certainly, the today's level of economic integration does not answer

necessities national economic of Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian

Federation. Available on it is necessary to evaluate the today facts of

economic interaction between two countries as insufficient and requiring in

serious adjusting. The priority of a development of the Kazakhstan-Russian

economic links is possible to support with existing numerous perspective

directions of a development, it:

. Trade-economic cooperating of Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian

Federation;

. Frontier cooperating Republic Of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation;

. Development of industrial-cooperation links in machine-building and

chemical complexes, by means of creation of share financial and

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