Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists)

7.                charter - устав

8.                consent - согласие

9.                to terminate - заканчивать, завершать

10.           to dissolve - расторгать, аннулировать

11.           bankruptcy - банкротство

12.           misconduct - дурное поведение

13.           authority - полномочие

14.           cash - наличные деньги

15.           debt - долг

16.           to mortgage - закладывать

17.           good faith - добросовестность

18.           dealings - торговые дела

19.           to account - отвечать (за что-либо)

20.           liability - ответственность

21.           to permit - разрешать

Text. Partnership

Partnership, in law, term applied to an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their labor, property, and skill, or some or all of them, for the purpose of engaging in lawful business and sharing profits and losses between them; in this definition the term business includes every trade, occupation, and profession. The parties forming such an association are known as partners. Partners may adopt a fictitious name or use a real family name. In the U.S., most states require the filing of a certificate of partnership with the county clerk when an assumed name is used. The agreement to form a partnership is known as a partnership contract, the most important provision of which spells out the manner in which profits are to be distributed.

A partnership can be formed only by contract; the Statute of Frauds requires the agreement to be in writing if the term exceeds one year; failure to comply results in a partnership at will. Any number of persons may contract to form a partnership, and firms of partners may enter into partnership with one another. By contrast, in most states, a corporation has no power to enter into a partnership unless such power is expressly given in the corporate charter. New members may be admitted into an existing partnership only with the consent of all the partners. The agreement of partnership generally is for a definite term of years; if no duration is specified, it is said to be a partnership at will and can be terminated at any time by any partner. By agreement of the members, a partnership may be dissolved or terminated and the terms of the partnership agreement modified at any time. Death or bankruptcy of a partner, the insanity or misconduct of a partner, and the end of the period fixed for the duration of the partnership also operate to terminate the partnership.

A partner acts as an agent of the firm in the conduct of its business. Authority to act depends not only on the express powers given to a partner by the partnership agreement, but also on the implied powers resulting from the partnership relation and the nature of the business conducted. In the case of a partnership formed to conduct a wholesale or retail business, for example, a partner has implied power to borrow money for trade purposes, to buy on cash or credit, to make contracts and negotiable instruments to hire employees, to pay firm debts and sell or mortgage property for that purpose and to receive payment of debts owed the firm. A partner must, however, exercise the highest degree of good faith in all dealings with the other partners, devote time and attention to the partnership business, and must account to the other partners for any secret profits made in the conduct of the partnership business. The liability of a partner for partnership debts is said to be unlimited, except when the partner is a limited one in a limited partnership organized in accordance with the provisions of a state statute permitting such limitation of liability.

II. Exercises on the Text:

3. Give English equivalents to:

термин, касающийся объединения двух или более лиц; термин деятельность (бизнес) включает любое ремесло, занятие или профессию; фиктивное название; заполнение сертификата товарищества; означает способ; если срок превышает один год; корпорация не имеет права вступать в товарищество; корпоративный устав; если не указана продолжительность; в любое время любым партнером; умопомешательство или дурное поведение партнера; осуществление своей деятельности; характер осуществляемой деятельности; партнер приобрел право занимать деньги для торговых целей; условия договоров для найма служащих; уделять время и внимание; в соответствии с законом штата.

4. Complete as in the text and translate into Russian:

1. The parties forming such an association... 2. Partners may adopt a fictitious name or use... 3. A partnership can be formed only... 4. New members may be admitted into an existing partnership only with ... 5. ... it is said to be a partnership at will and can be terminated at ... 6. A partner acts as an agent to the firm in the conduct... 7. ... for example, a partner has implied power to borrow money for trade purposes? To buy on cash or credit? To make contracts and negotiable instruments to hire employees? To pay...8. The liability of partner for partnership debts is said to be unlimited, except when partner is a limited one in a limited partnership...

5. Sum up what the text says about:

partnership as a term in law;

the formulation of a partnership;

the terms of partnership agreement; partner’s authority;

the liability of a partner.

6. Imagine you are a firm’s manager. Using the following scheme answer the questions:

1. How many departments are there at the company?

2. How many managers do work at the company?

3. What is in your opinion the most important department?

4.Are there any overseas branches?

III. Grammar Exercises

The Objective Infinitive Construction

Объектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется после глаголов, обозначающих:

The Subjective Infinitive Construction

7. Express the following using simple sentences with Complex Object:

Example:    I see how this woman goes to the factory every day.

                   I see this woman go to the factory every day.

1. I saw how the director explained the details of the plan. 2. We heard how they spoke about their Institute. 3. The manager watches how the employees enter the office. 4. I heard how the workers discussed the problems they had to solve to increase the output. 5. We saw how they used the equipment we sent them last month. 6. I heard how the engineer explained the new methods of production.

8. Fill in the blanks with one of the following verbs in the form of the Infinitive:

arrive, cry, do, explain, go, get, hear, know.

1. Please stay with me, I don’t want you .... 2. David’s parents didn’t want him ... married. 3. She didn’t understand the story, so she asked me ... it to her. 4. Talk quietly. I don’t want anybody ... us. 5. You’re here early. We expected you ... later. 6. It was a very sad film. It made me .... 7. Please don’t tell Tom about my plan. I don’t want him .... 8. What do you think about my problem? What do you advise me ...?

9. Express the following using simple sentences with Complex Subject:

1. It is known that new economic theory is tested by practice. 2. It seems that this approach ignores the objective conditions. 3. It is said that you know the data very well. 4. It is understood that the seller will help us to choose the necessary goods. 5. It is known that the first reference to cotton has been made 2,500 years ago. 6. It is believed that the wage incentive program will be adopted in May.

10. Transform the sentences using Complex Subject and the words in brackets:

Example:    He has lost weight (seem).

                   He seems to lose weight.

1. You know a lot of our customers (seem). 2. Our product line is getting better (appear). 3. That car has broken down (appear). 4. Our executing officer forgets things (tend). 5. They have solved the problem of variable expenses (claim). 6. The situation in this warehouse is more difficult than we thought (seem).

11. Translate into Russian:

1. With more and better goods and services available everyone’s living standard is likely to improve. 2. If producers expect prices to increase in the future, they may increase their production. 3. When a budget has expenses that exactly equal income, it is said to be balanced. 4. When proposed expenses are greater than expected income, the budget is said to have a deficit. 5. The proportional tax seems to be fair because everyone pays the same rate. 6. When dollar values are down, overseas sales are likely to increase. 7. Sellers in each country expect to be paid in their own currency for the goods they sell to other countries. 8. The management of the firm wants them to report about the results or their negotiations. 9. Such times of inflation and deflation are likely to create hardships for many sectors of the economy. 10. Overall employment in the industry is sure to decline as small farms are consolidated into large farms and technology further reduces the need for farm labour.

12. Give the meaning of the following words:

to employ, employee, employer, employment, unemployment, employed.

to pay, paid, payment, paying, payable, payer.

to own, own, ownership, owner.

to buy, bought, buyer.

to sell, seller, selling, sold.

to manage, management, manager, managing, manageable, managerial.

to market, market, marketing, marketability, marketable.

13. Read the text and retell it in Russian:

The United States of America

After its 200th birthday the United States of America still holds the leading position in the western world. A country that inspired many appelations - "Land of Opportunity," "Melting Pot," "God's Country," is still referred to us as a land of superlatives -"the richest," "the greatest," "the most."

What makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economic, political and military dominance over other countries.

The United States lies in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. Friendly Canada to the north and friendly Mexico to the south are the only countries bordering it.

The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands, situated in the central part of the North American continent of the Pacific Ocean, Alaska separated by the Canadian territory and the rest major part of the USA. The states differ very much in size, population and economic development.

There are many big cities and towns in the USA: New York, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles are the biggest of them.

The United States of America is a parlamentary republic. The government is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress), executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme Court).

There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic (symbolized by a "donkey") and the Republican (its symbol is an "elephant"). The US President is both head of state and government. He is elected for a four-year term. Presidential elections are held every leap year on first Tuesday after first Monday in November. The President is assisted by Secretaries who are the heads of the executive departments. The Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who are appointed for life. It is supposed to decide whether a law of the Congress or an executive order of the President is constitutional or not.

The form of US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. The latter enumerated what the government controlled by the oligarchy was not going to be allowed to do, which was, of couse, an important democratic gain for people.

The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the House represents the population according to its distribution among the states. All states have electoral requirements of the same nature. First of all they are residence requirements.

Through its power over the purse, the US Congress can control much that relates to foreign policy, also it is a governmental body that determines taxation.

Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution, with its divisions of power: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The Presidency means not only a man: means an institution - the "executive branch" of the government.

Unit 12

Grammar: 1. Герундий.

2. Герундиальные обороты.

I. Language Practice

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

— `Can you re`duce your `prices at `least by ø 3 per `cent?

— ø Well, I don’t `think we ö can, the `world ø `prices have `recently `gone ö `up, you ö know. ø Besides, we’ve `made some ø modifi`cations and improved the ö design.

— That’s ö `true, We’ve ö `seen that, but we’d `like you to reduce the ø `prices be`cause we are `going to `place a `very `big ö`order.

— Will a `two per `cent dis`count off the `price be ø acceptable?

— That’s `just what we were `going to ö ask you about.

— ö Settled.

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1.                money supply - денежная масса

2.                advice - сîâåò, консультация

3.                lender - кредитор

4.                to rediscount - переучитывать

5.                discount rate - учетная ставка

6.                to withdraw - изымать

7.                currency - деньги, валюта

8.                account - счет

9.                deposit - вклад

10.           for collection - на инкассо (денежный сбор)

11.           to transfer - перевод, перечисление

12.           the Treasury - казначейство

13.           to issue - выпускать

14.           to redeem - погашать

15.           securities - ценные бумаги, акции

Text. The Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve System, or the Fed as it is often called, was created by an act of Congress in 1913. The Fed, the nation’s central bank, is made up of a Board of Governors, 12 district banks, and two committees: the Open Market Committee and the Federal Advisory Council.

Board of Governors. The Board of Governors establishes policies for the system. It consists of seven persons appointed by the President for 14-year terms.

Twelve District Banks. The Federal Reserve System is built around 12 geographic districts. District Federal Reserve banks supervise banking in each of these areas.

Open Market Committee. The Open Market Committee is made up of the seven members of the Board of Governors and presidents of five of the district banks. Its primary responsibility is to regulate the nation’s money supply.

Federal Advisory Council. The Federal Advisory Council does just that: it offers advice on the nation’s financial problems. It is comprised of 12 prominent commercial bankers, one selected from each district.

As the nation’s central bank, the Federal Reserve System has four separate and distinct roles that profoundly affect the economy:

· Provides banking services for financial institutions;

· Serves as federal government’s bank;

· Supervises member banks;

· Manages the nation’s supply of money and credit.

Provides banking services for financial institutions. The Fed provides the kinds of services for banks that banks provide for public. The Federal Reserve Banks hold the reserves of the member banks, i.e. the commercial banks which are members of the Federal Reserve System. The FR Banks supply the member banks with currency if necessary and act to them as lenders by rediscounting bills. The Board determines the reserve requirements of the commercial banks. The Board too really determines discount rates. The Board discount rate corresponds in nature to the English Bank rate, though the Federal Reserve Banks do not always have the same discount rate.

Hold deposit accounts. Banks keep their reserves and other funds on deposit in a kind of checking account at their district bank.

Make loans. Financial institutions, like most businesses must borrow from time to time. When this happens they can go to the Fed for a loan.

Transfer funds. The Federal Reserve System’s wire services and computers enable local banks to transfer funds from one to the other almost instantaneously.

Banker to the Federal Government. The Federal Reserve banks function as the federal government’s banker. They maintain the Treasury Department’s «checking account» and issue and redeem government bonds and other securities.

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