THE MANAGER AS A TEACHER: SELECTED ASPECTS OF STIMULATION OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING
Thirdly, in order
to “hack” into the control of other systems the given system should have
physical or any other possibility to connect its own exit point of result of
action or own stimulator to the entry point of the command of any other system.
In this case this other system becomes the subsystem subordinate to the given
control block, i.e. the systems should have physical possibility to combine
exits of their stimulators and/or results of action with the command entry
points of other systems. For this purpose they should be mobile. There are
types of devices for which the requirement of physical mobility is not
necessary, but, nevertheless, information from one system may flow into control
blocks of other devices. These are the so-called relay networks, for example,
computer operating networks, cerebral cortex, etc., in which virtual mobility
is possible, i.e. the possibility of switching of information flows. In such
networks the information can be “pumped over”/downloaded/ in those directions
in which it is required. For example, human feet are intended for walking,
while hands – for handiwork. How is predestination effected? In principle hands
and feet are structured identically, with the same autopodium, the same fingers
(the same executive elements). Nevertheless, it is practically impossible, for
example, to brush the hair with feet. Why? Because there are certain
stereotypes of movements in the cerebral cortex, without which hands are not
hands and feet are not feet. But we know cases when a person who lost both
hands and nevertheless, he perfectly coped with many household affairs with the
help of feet and took part in a circus show. How was it possible? Some kind of
remodeling/change/ occurred in his brain and he changed his stereotypes.
Cerebral structures which were previously controlling hands have “downloaded”
their “knowledge bases” into those cerebral structures which operate the feet.
Cerebral cortex was only able to do it thanks to the presence of its property
of relay circuits, i.e. the possibility to turn information flows to the
directions required for the given purpose. Organization and reorganization of
systems may be incidental and target-oriented. In incidental organization or
reorganization there is no special control block which has the goal and
decision on building of a new system, even more so in such a detail that, for
example, such-and-such exit point of a stimulator needs to be connected to
such-and such command entry point. Fortuity is determined by probability.
That’s where the law of large numbers works, which reads: “If theoretically
something may happen, it will surely happen, provided a very large number of
occurrences”. The more the number of cases is, the higher is the probability of
appearance of any systems, successful and unsuccessful, because fortuity
creates the systems, the probability sets their configuration and the external
medium makes natural selection. Therefore evolution lasts very long, sorting
out multitude of occurrences (development options). It is for this reason that
various combinations of connections of parts of systems occur. Therefore, both
nonviable monsters and the systems most adaptable to the given conditions may
be formed. Those weak are annihilated, while those strong transfer their
“knowledge bases” and “bases of decisions” to their posterior generations in
the form of genetically embedded properties and instincts. It is not so
important in the organization of systems which control block (simple or
complex) the coalescing (organizing) systems have. What is only important is
that the exit points of stimulators or results of action of one kind of systems
connect to the command entry points of the others. Control blocks of coalescing
systems may be of any kind, from elementary to self-training. At that, even if
the self-training block (i.e. sufficiently developed) “would not want” to
connect its command entry point to the exit point of stimulator or the result
of action of other system, even the simplest one, it still won’t be able of
doing anything if it fails to safeguard its command entry point. The virus “does not ask the
permission” of a cell when it “downloads” its genetic information in the cell’s
DNA. The decision on reorganization of the system (purpose) may come from the
outside, from the operating system sited higher on a hierarchy scale. It is
passive purposefulness, since the initiative comes from the outside. The
external system “tells” the given system: “As soon as you see such-and-such
system, affix it immediately to yourself”. The system can undertake active
actions for such an organization, but it is not yet self-organizing as such,
but an imposed (forced, prescriptive) organization. But if it “occurs” to the
system that “it would be quite good if that green thing that stuck to me is
included as a component in my own structure, since the experience shows it can
deliver glucose for me from СО2 and light”,
it would then mean self-organizing. Thus, perhaps, once upon a time chlorophyll was included in the
structure of seaweed. Most likely, it did not happen purposefully, but rather
accidentally (accidental organization), as we cannot be sure that those ancient
seaweeds had a self-training control block, and the independent “thought” may
only occur in the system with such control block. This example is only drawn to
illustrate what we call a self-organizing system. But the idea to take a stick
in one’s hands to extend the hand and get the fruit hanging high on the tree is
only a prerogative of the higher animals and the human being, which is a true
example of self-organization. Only the systems with self-training control block
can evaluate the external situation, properly assess the significance of all
the novelty surrounding the given system and draw conclusion on the expediency
of reorganization. It is an active purposefulness anyway, since the initiative
originated inside the given system and it “decided” on its own and no one
“imposed” it on the system. External medium dictates conditions of existence of
the systems and it can “force” the system to make the decision on
reorganization. But the decision on the time and character of reorganization is
taken by the system itself on the basis of its own experience and
possibilities. Only systems with self-training control block can initiate active
purposefulness, can be deliberately the self-organizing systems. Thus, a man
has invented work tools, having thus strengthened the possibilities of its
body. At that, it should be noted that the decision on self-organizing does not indicate
at the freedom of choice of the goal of the system, but a freedom of choice of
its actions for the achievement of the goal set from the outside. In order to
implement its goal in a better way, for example, to survive in such-and-such conditions,
the system makes the decision on reorganization so that to better adapt to
external conditions and enhance its survival chances.
Metabolism and
types of self-organization. All the above was only concerning the creation of
new systems and their development. But any systems are continually exposed to
various external influences which sooner or later destroy them. Our world is in
continuous and uninterrupted movement. The speeds of this movement may vary:
somewhere events occur once in millions years, while somewhere else millions
times a second. But most likely it is impossible to find a single place in
the Universe where no movement of any kind (thermal, electric, gravitational, etc.)
occurs. Hence, the process of negative entropy is always present. Any systems
are always being reorganized at the expense of disintegration of more complex
systems that have been existing earlier, which grow old (degenerate).
Destruction is a process of loss by systems of their SFU. Systems of mineral
nature (crystals, any other amorphous, but inanimate bodies, planetary, stellar
and galactic systems) continuously undergo various external influences and are
scattered with varying speed due to the loss of their SFU. Mineral nature grows
old and changes, because the entropy law - from more complex to more simple -
works. In the mineral nature complexification (generation) can only occur in
case of excess of internal energy or its continuous inflow from the outside.
Thus, in a thermonuclear pile of ordinary stars nuclei of complex atoms
including atoms of iron were formed. But the energy of such piles is not yet
sufficient for the formation of heavier nuclei. All other heavier nuclei were
formed as a result of explosions of supernovae and the release of super-power
energy. Therefore, figuratively speaking, our bodies are built of stellar
ashes. But as soon as energy of thermonuclear synthesis comes to an end, the
star starts to die out, passing through certain phases. We do not know yet all
phases of the development and dying of stars, but if failing “to undertake some
sort of measures” after a very long period of time not only stars, but atoms as
well, including their components (protons, neutrons and electrons) will be
shivered. Thus, the free neutron “unprotected” by intranuclear system breaks up
into a proton, electron and neutrino within 12 minutes. Hence, the atomic and
intranuclear system is the system of stabilization of a neutron protecting atom
and its elements from disintegration. But even such stable and seemingly eternal
stellar formations such as “black holes” “evaporate” in the course of time,
expending their mass for gravitational waves. In the absence of energy inflow
the system would just flake/scatter and lose its SFU. It follows explicitly
from thermodynamics laws. The so-called “thermal entropic death” is coming
forth. Destruction of systems under the influence of external environment is
the forced entropic reorganization (degeneration), rather than
self-organization. The objects of mineral nature possess only passive
destruction protection facilities and one of the major means of protection is
integration of elements in a system (generation). Consequently, the emergence
of systems and their evolution in mineral nature represents means of protection
of these elements from destruction. One can not conquer alone. The system is
always stronger than singletons. Formation of connections/bonds between the
elements and the emergence of generation type systems in mineral nature is the
passive way of protection of elements against the destructive effect of
negative entropy. The weakest bodies are ionic and gas clouds, while the
strongest ones are crystals. However, all of them cannot resist external influences
indefinitely long, because they react only after their occurrence, and they
cannot resist entropy. Consequently, the presence of passive means for the
protection against destruction is insufficient. Whatever solid and large the
crystals might be, they would be scattered /flaked in the lapse of time either.
In order to keep the system from destruction it is necessary to replenish
destroyed parts continually. Systems of vegetative, animal and human nature
also undergo various external influences and also are scattered (worn out) with
varying speed. And it happens for the same reason and the same law of negative
entropy, i.e. from more complex to more simple (degeneration) works. But these
systems differ from the systems of mineral nature that actively try to resist
destruction by continual renewal of their SFU structures. This renewal occurs
at the expense of continuous building of new SFU in substitution of the
destroyed ones. This process of renewal of destroyed SFU also represents
structural regeneration as such – a purposeful metabolism. Therefore,
metabolism of living organisms is an active way of protection of systems from
destructive effect of negative entropy (from degeneration). In mineral nature
metabolism may take place as well, but it essentially differs from metabolism
of any living systems. Crystals grow from the oversaturated saline solution,
the atmosphere exchanges water and gases with the seas, automobile and other
internal combustion engines consume fuel and oxygen and discharge carbon
dioxide. But if a crystal is taken out from saline solution, it will just
collapse and will not undertake any measures on conservation of its structure.
When a camshaft in the automobile engine is worn out the car does nothing to
replace it. Instead, it is done by man. Any actions of the system directed
towards the replacement of destroyed and lost SFU represent self-organization
anyway, which in the living nature is called structural self-reorganization or
metabolism. In mineral nature structural self-reorganization is nonexistent.
Any living system, regardless of its complexity, would undertake certain
actions for the conservation of its structure. At that, there are always two
flows of substances in living systems – flow of energy and
“structural”/constructive/ flow. The energy flow is intended to provide energy
for any actions of systems, including structural self-reorganization, as it is
necessary every time to build new connections/bonds which require energy
(regeneration). “Structural” flow of substances is only used for structural
regeneration, i.e. replacement of worn out SFU for the new ones (in this case
we do not examine the system’s growth, i.e. generation). When we talk about
self-reorganization we mean “structural” flow of substances, although such flow is impossible
without energy. Myocardium in humans completely renews (regenerates) its
molecular structure approximately within a month. It means that its
myocardiocytes, or rather their elements (myofibrillas, sarcomeres, organelles,
membranes, etc.) are continually being worn out and collapse, but are
continually built again at the same speed. Outwardly we can see one and the
same myocardial cell, but eventually its molecular composition is being
completely renewed. Throughout the human lifespan the type of organization
varies. In the early years of life organization occurs at the expense of
inclusion of new additional elements in the structure (generation, the organism
grows and develops), whereas starting from the mid-life period degeneration
predominantly takes place, i.e. destruction process (disintegration of the
previously existing more complex system). But these are now the particulars
associated with imperfection of real living systems. For any system the overall
objective is to exist in this World, and for this purpose it should counteract
destructive influences, for which purpose it should have specific SFU which
facilitate its operation and which continuously collapse and need to be
continuously renewed, i.e. build anew, since regeneration is the essence of
self-reorganization by means of metabolism. Hence, the living nature differs
from inanimate first of all in that metabolism is intended for the conservation
of its structure (structural regeneration). In principle, any reaction of any
systems is directed towards conservation of the systems. Control block of
systems takes care of it using all its possibilities for this purpose: DPC, NF
and analyzers for the SFU operation. But in mineral nature there are only
passive ways of protection. And when the system of mineral nature loses its
SFU, it does not undertake any active measure to replace them. It would try to
resist the external influence, but no more than that. In vegetative and animal
nature and humans the systems cannot passively resist the destructive effect of
environment either, they also collapse, but anyway they have active means of
restoration of the destroyed parts, they have the purposeful metabolism aimed
at replacement of the lost SFU (structural regeneration). It uses two
mechanisms of the so-called genetic regeneration: reproduction of systems (the
parent will die, but children will remain) and reproduction of elements of
systems (regeneration of elements of cells and tissue cells themselves). These
ways of conservation of systems are sufficiently effective. It is known how
complex it is to get rid of weeds in the field. There are sequoias aged several
thousand years that are found in nature. At the level of separate individuals
of a species this genetic system proves as the system with simple control
block, as simple automatic machine because the DNA molecule does not have
remote sensors, is has no analyzer-correlator and it is impossible to develop
conditioned reflexes in it during the lifespan of one individual. But at the
level of species of living systems genetic mechanism proves anyway as a system
with complex control block because it “has a notion” of space and it
has collective memory in the form of conditioned reflexes and it is able of
self-training (adaptation of species). It is for this reason that genetic
accumulation of collective experience occurs, which then is shown in the form
of instincts at the level of separate individuals of a species. This collective
genetic mechanism watches that tomato looks like tomato, a cockroach looks like
a cockroach and chimpanzee looks like a chimpanzee, and it watches that the
behavior of the systems is relevant. We do not know yet all the details of this
mechanism, although genomes of many living organisms, including human genomes,
are developed. We know that genes contain recorded genetic information on how
to structure this or another protein, but we do not know yet how, for example,
how the form of the nose constructed from this protein is preset. The gene is
known responsible for the generation of pigment that tinctures the iris
/orbital septum/ but we do not know how the form and the size of
this septum is coded. This mechanism is probably realized only partially in the
DNA itself, as a genome of an insect has much more in common, let’s say, with a
human genome, than the insect itself with the human being. We do not know how
the feelers of any insect of such-and-such length are programmed and where it
is recorded that it should have eight pedicles or one horn on its head. And why
from these proteins programmed in one of the DNA genes structures in the form
of the feelers should be built in this particular place, while the structures
in the form of intestinal tubules should be built in another place. Protein
molecules are very complex and gigantic formations in terms of molecular sizes
with a very sophisticated three-dimensional configuration. Probably, separate
molecules of certain albumen types, incidentally or non-incidentally, may
approach each other so that to form, like in a puzzle, the albuminous
conglomerate only of a specific shape. In that way it is possible to explain
both the form and sizes of albuminous structures. We can also assume that casually
assembled lame/poor forms have been rejected by evolution, while those
successful were purposefully fixed in genes. Consequently, the difference of
forms of organs constructed of identical proteins is explained by the
difference of the protein molecules structure? It may be true... But why then
keratin here is formed in the shape of elytra, and there – in the form of horns
or some kind of septa in the insect’s body? DNA only programs building material
– albumen/proteins, rather than the structure (form), i.e. the organs built of
these proteins, since DNA contains a record of only how to structure the
proteins (the “bricks” for building a structure). But where is “the drawing of
the entire building” and its configuration recorded? There are no answers for
the present. So, living systems have the purposeful genetic structural
regeneration which is intended for continual renewal of elements of the system.
Genetic mechanism uses the “database” recorded in DNA and realized by means of
RNA. If it were not for the failures in this system, there would have been no
mutations and variability of species. However, the “faulty” mechanism of
mutations is too much subjected to contingencies and cannot be target-oriented
just because of contingency (incidental self-organization). Reproductive
mechanism of mutations allows making selection by some features, and this is
exactly a purposeful mutation (purposeful self-organization). This mechanism
can change its program due to cross mating or at the moment of changing life
phases (larva→chrysalis→moth), although the possibilities of such
change are still very limited. A wolf will never beget a tiger and a trunk will
never grow in a wolf either, even if there would be a sudden need in it, at
least, for sure, not during the lifespan of one generation. But if me myself,
for example, need right now to “reconstruct” a hand to extend it and to tear
off a fruit from a tree, should I then wait for several generations to pass for
my hand to grow and extend? Can’t one get transmuted without resorting to
metabolism? It is possible if “conscious” self-organization is added. All
living beings, including humans, have genetic system of contingency
self-organization and in this sense the human being is the same animal as any
other animal. But “conscious” and purposeful type of self-organization is only
inherent in human beings. Systems with preset (target-oriented) properties will
always be forming only in the event that organization or reorganization of
systems is purposeful. Only the control block “knows” about the goal of the
system and only it can make a decision, including on the system reorganization.
However, not each control block is suitable for target-oriented reorganization.
In order to decide that “that system” needs to be attached to itself it is
necessary to “see” this system, know its property and define, even prior to
beginning interaction, whether these properties suit for the achievement of its
own purpose. And for this purpose it is necessary to be able to “see” and
assess the situation around the given system. All self-training systems are
able of making such an analysis. Therefore, many higher animals can reorganize
their body by enhancing its possibilities with additional executive elements.
They use tools of work (stones, sticks, etc.) for hunting food. But these
animals, perhaps, act at the level of instincts, i.e. at the level of genetic
self-organization, because even insects can use work tools. True “conscious”
self-organization at the given stage of evolution is only present in human
being because only he/she has analyzers-abstractors of respective degree of
complexity. Only the human being could develop instruments of labor up to the
level of modern technologies because it has second signaling system which
helped to accumulate the experience of the previous generations by fixing it in
the abstract form, in the form of the script. And only the human being using
this experience has realized that there exists metabolism in a living organism
and that it is possible to influence an organism so that to reorganize, if the
need arises (to cure sick organism). Structural regeneration is intended for conservation of
the systems’ structure. However, metabolism is not a full warranty from the
destruction of systems either. Plants cannot foresee the forthcoming
destruction because they do not possess the notion of space and they do not see
the situation around them, because they have simple control block. Fire will
creep up and burn a plant, the animal will approach and eat it, while the plant
will quietly waiting for its lot because it does not see the surrounding
situation, does not know the forecast and it does not have corresponding
decisions regarding specific situations. That is why the systems emerged with
more complex control blocks (animals and humans) which can anticipate a
situation and protect themselves from destruction. Animals know about space and
see the situation around, because they have more complex control blocks. They
can compete very effectively with mineral and vegetative media. But competition
between the animal species has placed them in new circumstances. Now it is not
enough to have only complex control block and to see the surrounding situation.
In order to survive it is not enough only to be able of scampering or be strong
physically, it is necessary to better orient itself in space and better assess
the situation and be able to make conclusions of own failures in case of
survival. For this purpose it is necessary to develop control blocks. The more
complex the control block, the higher is the degree of safety. And now it is
not physical strength which is a criterion of advantage, but cognitive ability,
i.e. the more complex the control block is (the brain with all its hierarchy of
neural structures), the better. Knowledge is virtue. At that, the purposes of
metabolism in animals and humans are the same as in flora, i.e. reproduction of
systems and reproduction of elements of systems. Hence, in process of evolution
advancement to ensure higher degree of safety of systems, the possibilities of
regeneration in the form of metabolism were supplemented by intellectual
possibilities of control blocks. Regardless of what kind of nature the system
belongs to (mineral, vegetative, animal or human) one of its main purposes is
always to preserve itself and its structure. But in mineral nature there are
only passive ways of conservation, whereas in the organic nature active ways of
conservation do exist: self-organization at the expense of purposeful
metabolism. Therefore, struggle for food has always been the foundation of
existence. But metabolism only is not sufficient. Therefore, in animals new
active ways of protection are added: assessment of external situation and
protection from the destructive external influences (complex reflexes,
behavioral reactions). However, complex reflexes are not enough either, as it
is necessary also to learn new situations and be able of making new decisions
(reflexes to new stimuli/exciters). But these appeared to be insufficient as
well because of limitation of personal experience. Therefore, personal
experience was supplemented by collective experience for the account of the
first signaling system (conditioned reflexes: the first signaling system,
complex behavioral reactions). And as far as the lifespan of each system is
limited, in order to transfer experience to the subsequent generations second
signaling system emerged which allows to save personal experience of each
system in the form of the script regardless of the system’s lifespan.
Consequently in order to better preserve itself, it is necessary for the system
to change and complicate continually the structure (evolution and development
of species) and, apparently to be on the safe side, it’s nevertheless better to
be more complex rather than simpler (evolution race). Thus, a system may have:
incidental organization; generation (incidental physical coincidence of exit
points of stimulator or result of action of one systems with the command entry
points of control block or entry points of external influence of other systems;
may be present in systems with any control blocks, including elementary);
degeneration (destruction, structural simplification, loss of SFU under the
influence of environment – other systems, may be the systems with any control
blocks, including elementary); purposeful organization; forced generation
(purposeful physical combination of exit points of stimulator or result of
action of one systems with the command entry points of control block or entry
points of external influence of other systems; may be in systems with any
control blocks, including elementary); forced degeneration (destruction,
structural simplification, loss of SFU of the system due to the purposeful
effect of other systems; may be in systems with any control blocks, including
elementary); self-organization; functional regeneration (operation of the
system proper, actuation or de-actuation of functions of own SFU, depending on
situational needs, without change of the structure; may be in systems with any
control blocks, including elementary); genetic structural regeneration in the
form of metabolism and reproduction of individuals directed towards
preservation of its structure (may be in systems with control blocks, starting
from simple ones); genetic structural regeneration in the form of
instinctive/subconscious/
structural reorganization aimed at strengthening the possibilities
of an organism by using other systems, that are not an immediate part of the
given system (subjects) (uses “genetic” memory and may be present in systems
with control blocks, starting from simple ones); conscious structural
regeneration directed to strengthening of possibilities of an organism by use
of other systems, not being an immediate part of the given system (subjects)
(various technologies; it is aimed at strengthening the possibilities of an
organism, may be present in systems with control blocks, starting from complex
ones with the second signaling system). As we can see, there is a succession
present in the given classification of organization of systems, as it
includes everything that exists in our World, starting from objects of mineral
nature and including human activities in the form of industrial technologies.
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