The manager as a teacher: selected aspects of stimulation of scientsfsc thinking
Major characteristics of
systems. To carry out purposeful actions the system should have appropriate
elements. It is a consequence of the laws of conservation and cause-and-effect limitations
since nothing occurs by itself. Therefore, any systems are multi-component
objects and their structure is not casual. The structure of systems in many
respects determines their possibilities to perform certain actions. For
example, the system made of bricks can be a house, but cannot be a computer.
But it is not the structure only that determines the possibilities of systems. Strictly
determined specific interaction between them determined by their mutual
relation is required. Two hands can make what is impossible to make by one hand
or “solitary” hands, if one can put it in that way. The hand of a monkey has
same five fingers as a hand of a human being does. But the hand of a human
being coupled with its intellect has transformed the
world on the Earth. Two essential signs thereby determine the quality and
quantity of results of action of any systems – the structure of elements and
their relations. Any object has only two basic characteristics: what and how much
work/many things/ it can do. New quality can only be present in the group of elements
interacting in a specific defined mode/manner. “Defined” means target-oriented.
“Interacting in a defined mode/manner” means having definite goal, being constructed
and operating in a definite mode/manner for the achievement of the given goal. Defined
mode/manner cannot be found/inherent in separate given elements and randomly interacting
elements. As a result of certain interaction of elements part of their
properties would be neutralized and other part used for the achievement of the
goal. Transformation of one set of forms of a matter into others occurs for the
account of neutralization of some properties of these forms of a matter. And
neutralization occurs for the account of change of some connections/bonds
between the elements of an object, as these connections/bonds determine the form
of an object. For this reason we say “would be neutralized” rather than “destroyed”,
because nothing in this world does disappear and appear (the conservation law).
The whole world consists of protons, neutrons and electrons, but we see various
objects which differ in color, consistence, taste, form, molecular and atomic composition,
etc. It means that in the course of specific interaction of protons, neutrons
and electrons certain inter-elementary connections are established. At that, some
of their properties would be neutralized, while others conserved or even amplified
in such a manner that the whole of diversity of our world stems from it. The goal
of any system is the fulfillment of the preset (defined) condition, achievement
of the preset result of action (goal/objective). If the preset result of action
came out incidentally, then the next moment it might not be achieved and the designated/preset
result would disappear. But if for some reason there is a need in the result of
action being always exactly identical to this one and not to any other (goal-setting),
it is necessary that the group of interacting elements
retain this new result of action. To this end the given group of elements
should continually seek to retain the designated/preset condition (implementation
of goal/objective).
Simple systemic functional unit
(SFU). The system may consist of any quantity of functional elements/executive
component, provided that each of the latter can participate (contribute to) the
achievement of the goal/objective and the quantity of such components is
sufficient enough for realization of this goal. The
minimal system is such group of “k” elements which, in case of removal of at
least one of the elements from its structure, loses the quality inherent in this
group of elements, but not present in any of the given “k” elements. Such group
of elements is a simple systemic functional unit (simple, not composite SFU),
the minimal elementary system having some property (ability to make action)
which is not present in any of its separate elements. Any SFU
reacts to external influence under the “all-or-none” law. This law is resulting
from the definition of simple SFU (removal of any of its elements would
terminate its function as a system) and discrecity of its structure. Any of its
elements may either be or not be a part of simple SFU. And since simple SFU by
definition consists of finite and minimal set of function elements and all of
them should be within the SFU structure and be functional (operational), termination
of functioning of any of these elements would terminate the function of the
entire SFU as a system. Regardless of the force of external influence, but
given the condition of its being in excess of a certain threshold, the result
of its performance will be maximal, ( “all”). If there is no external
influence, the SFU would nowise prove out (would not react, “none”). Simple SFU,
despite its name, may be arbitrary complex – from elementary minimal SFU to maximal
complex ones. The molecule of any substance consists of several atoms. Removal
of any atom transforms this molecule from one substance into another. And even
each atom represents a very complex constitution. Removal of any of its elements
transforms it into an ion, other atom or other isotope. A soldier is a simple SFU
of the system called “the army”. A soldier is a human being’s body plus full soldier’s
outfit. The body of a human being is an extremely complex object, but removal
of any of its parts would render the soldier invalid. At that, the soldier’s outfit/equipment
is multi-component as well. But the equipment cannot shoot without man and the man
cannot shoot without the equipment. They can only carry out together the
functions inherent in SFU named “soldier”. Despite
the internal complexity which may be however big, simple SFU is a separate
element which looks as a whole unit with certain single property (quality) to fulfill
one certain action elementary in relation to the entire system, i.e. to grasp a
ball, molecule, push a portion of blood, produce force/load of
0.03 grams, provide living conditions for the animal (for example, one specific
unit of forest area) or to an individual (apartment), fire a shot, etc. Any SFU,
once it is divided into parts, ceases to be an SFU for the designated goal. It
is due to interaction of the parts only that the group of elements can show its
worth as SFU. When something breaks a good owner would always think at first
where in his household the fragments may be applied and only thereafter he
would throw them out, because one broken thing (one SFU) can be transformed
into another, more simple one (another SFU). Haemoglobin is
an element of blood circulation system and serves for capturing and subsequent
return of oxygen. Hence, haemoglobin molecules are the SFU of erythrocytes. Ligands
of haemoglobin molecules are the SFU of haemoglobin, as each of them can serve
a trap for oxygen molecules. However, further division of ligand brings to a
stop the function of retention of oxygen molecules,
etc. The SFU analogues in an inorganic nature/abiocoen are, for example, all
material particles possessing ability to lose their properties when dividing –
elementary particles (?), atoms, molecules, etc. Viruses may probably be the systemic
functional units of heredity (FUH). Thus, it is likely that at first polymeric
molecules of DNA type came into being in the claypan strata or even in the interplanetary
dust or on comets, based on a type of auto-catalytic Butler’s reaction, i.e. synthesis
of various sugars including ribose from formaldehyde in the presence of Ca and
Mg ions, ribose being a basis for the creation of RNA and DNA, and thereafter cellular
structures emerged. These examples of various concrete SFU show that SFU is not
something indivisible, since each of them is multicomponent and therefore can
be divided into parts. Only intra-atomic elementary particles may pretend to be
true SFU that are the basis of the whole of matter of our entire world as it is
still impossible to split them into parts. It is for this reason that they are called
elementary. It may well be that they are of a very complex structure, too, but formed
not from the elements of physical nature, but of some different matter, and are
the result of action of performance of systems of non-physical nature, or
rather not of the forms of the World of ours. It is indicative of the existence
of binate virtual particles, for example, positron and electron, emerging ostensibly
from emptiness, vacuum and disappearing thereto after all. We cannot cut paper
with scissors made of the same paper material. It’s unlikely that we can “cut”
elementary particles with the “scissors” made of the same matter either.
Elementary block of management
(direct positive connection/bond, DPC). In order for any SFU to be able to
perform it should contain certain elements for implementation of its actions
according to the laws of conservation and cause-and-effect limitations. To
implement target-oriented actions the system should contain performance
/“executive”/ elements and in order to render the executive element’s
interaction target-oriented, the system should contain the elements (block) of
management/control. Executive elements (effectors) carry out certain (target-oriented)
action of a system to ensure the achievement of the preset result of action. The
result of action would not come out by itself. In order to achieve it
performance of certain objects is required. On the example of plain with a
feeler /trial balloon/ such elements are plains themselves. But it (the executive
element) exists on itself and produces its own results of action in response to
certain influences external with respect to it. It will react if something influences
upon it and will not react in the absence of any influence. Interaction with
its other elements would pertain to it so far as the results of action of other
elements are the external influence in respect of it per se and may invoke its
reaction in response to these influences. This reaction will already be shown
in the form of its own result of action which would also be the external
influence in respect to other elements of the system, and no more than that. Not
a single action of any element of the system can be the result of action of the
system itself by definition. It does not matter for any separate executive
element whether or not the preset condition (the goal of the system) was fulfilled
haphazardly, whether or not the given group of elements produced a
qualitatively new preset result of action or something prevented it from
happening. It in no way affects the way the executive elements “feel”, i.e. their
own functions, and none of their inherent property would force them to “watch”
the fulfillment of the general goal of the system. They are simply “not able” of
doing so. The elements of management (the control block) are needed for the
achievement of the particular preset result, rather than of any other result of
action. Since the goal is the reaction in response to specific external
influence, at first there is a need to “feel” it, to segregate it from the
multitude of other nonspecific external influences, “make decision” on any
specific actions and begin to perform. If, for example, the SFU reacts to
pressure it should be able to “feel” just pressure (reception), rather than
temperature or something else. For this purpose it should have a special “organ”
(receptor) which is able of doing so. In order to react only to specific
external influence which may pertain to the fulfillment of the goal, the SFU
should not only have reception, but also single it out from all other external
influences affecting it (selection). For this purpose it should have a special organ
(selector or analyzer) which is able to segregate the right signal from a
multitude of others. Thereafter, having “felt” and segregated the external
influence, it should “make decision” that there is a need to act
(decision-making). For this purpose it should have a special or decision-making
organ able of making decisions. Then it should realize this decision, i.e. force
the executive elements to act (implementation of decision). For this purpose it
should have elements (stimulators) with the help of which it would be possible
to communicate decision to the executive elements. Therefore, in order to react
to certain external influence and to achieve the required result of action it is
necessary to accomplish the following chain of guiding actions:
reception → selection → decision-making → implementation of
decisions (stimulation). What elements should carry out this chain of guiding
actions? The executive elements (for example, plains) cannot do it, because they
perform the action per se, for example, the capturing action, but not guiding actions.
For this reason they are also called executive elements. All guiding
actions should be accomplished by guiding elements (the control block) and these should
be a part of SFU. The control block consists of: “X” receptor
(segregates specific signal and detects the presence of external influence); afferent
channels (transfer of information from the receptor to analyzer); the
analyzer-informant (on the basis of the information from the “Х” receptor makes
decisions on the activation of executive elements); efferent cannels (of a
stimulator) (implementation of decision, channeling of the guiding actions to
the effectors).
The “Х” receptor, afferent
channels, analyzer-informant (activator of action) and efferent channels
(stimulator) comprise the control block. The receptor and afferent channels represent
direct positive communication (DPC). It is direct because inside SFU the guiding
signal (information on the presence of external influence) goes in the same
direction as the external influence itself. It is positive because if there is
a signal there is a reaction, if there is no signal, there
is no reaction. Thus, the SFU control block reacts to the external influence.
It can feel and detect/segregate specific signal of external influence from the
multitude of other external influences and depending on the presence or absence
of specific signal it may decide whether or not it should undertake its own action.
Its own action is the inducement (stimulation) of the executive elements to
operate. There exist uncontrollable and controllable SFU. The control block of uncontrollable
SFU decides whether or not it should act, and it would make such decision only
depending on the presence of the external influence. The control block of
controllable SFU would also decide whether or not it should act depending on the
presence of the external signal and in the presence of additional condition as
well, i.e. the permission to perform this action which is communicated to its command
entry point.
The uncontrollable SFU has one entry point for the external influence and one outlet
/exit point/ for the result of action. The logic of work of such SFU is
extremely simple: it would act if there is certain external influence (result
of action), and no result of action is produced in the absence of external
influence. For uncontrollable SFU the action regulator is the external
influence itself. It has its own management which function is performed by the
internal control block. But external management with such SFU is impossible. It
would “decide” on its own whether or not it should act. That is why it is
called uncontrollable. This decision would only depend on the presence of
external influence. In the presence of external influence it would function and
no external decision (not the influence) can change the internal decision of
this SFU. The uncontrollable SFU is independent of external decisions. It will
perform the action once it “made a decision”. The example of uncontrollable SFU
is, for instance, the nitroglycerine molecule (SFU for micro-explosion). If it is
shaken (external influence is shaking) it will start to disintegrate, thereby releasing
energy, and during this process nothing would stop its disintegration. The analogues
of uncontrollable SFU in a living organism are sarcomeres, ligands of
haemoglobin, etc. Once sarcomere starts to reduce, it would not stop until the
reduction is finished. Once the ligand of haemoglobin starts capturing oxygen,
it would not stop until the capturing process is finished. Unlike
uncontrollable SFU, the controllable SFU have two entry points (one for the
entry of external influence and another one for the entry of the command to the
analyzer) and one outlet/exit point/ for the result of action. The logic of
work of controllable SFU is slightly different from that of the uncontrollable SFU.
Such SFU will produce the result of action not only depending on the presence
of the external influence, but the presence of permission at the command entry
point. Implementation of action will start in the presence of certain external influence
and permission at the command entry point. The action would not be performed in
the presence of the external influence and the absence of permission at the
command entry point. For the controllable SFU the action regulator is the
permission at the command entry point. That is why such SFU are
called controllable. The analogues of controllable SFU in a living organism
are, for example, pulmonary functional ventilation units (FVU) or functional perfusion
units (FPU), histic functional perfusion units (FPU), secretion functional
units (cells of various secretion glands, SFU), kidney nephrons, liver acinuses,
etc. The control block’s elements are built of (assembled from) other ordinary
elements suitable in terms of their characteristics. It can be built both of
executive elements combined in a certain manner and simultaneously performing
the function of both execution and management, and from other executive
elements not belonging to the given group and segregated in a separate chain of
management. In the latter case they may be precisely the same as executive
elements, but may be made of other elements as well. For example, muscular contraction
functional units consist of muscular cells, but are managed by nervous centers
consisting of nerve cells. At the same time, all kinds of cells, both nerve and
muscular, are built of almost identical building materials – proteins, fats,
carbohydrates and minerals. The difference between the
controllable and uncontrollable FSU is only in the availability of command
entry point. It is it that determines the change of the algorithm of its work. Performance
of the controllable SFU depends not only on the external influence, but on the
M disabling at the command entry point. The control block is very simple, if it
contains only DPC (the “Х” receptor and afferent channels), the
analyzer-informant and a stimulator. SFU are
primary cells, executive elements of any systems. As we can see, despite their
elementary character, they represent a fairly complex and multi-component
object. Each of them contains not less than two types of elements (management/control
and executive) and each type includes more and more, but these elements are
mandatory attributes of any SFU. The SFU complexity is the
complexity of hierarchy of their elements. There is no any special difference
between the executive elements and the elements of management/control. Ultimately
all in this world consists of electrons, protons and neutrons. The difference
between them lies only in their position in the hierarchy of systems, i.e. in
their positional relationship. The composite SFU contains 4 simple SFU. In the
absence of the external influence all simple SFU are inactive and no result of
action is produced. In the presence of the external influence of “Х”, if the command
says “no” (disabling of /ban on action), all SFU would be inactive and no
result of action produced. In the presence of external influence and if the command
says “yes” (permission for action), all SFU would be active and the result of
action produced. The “capacity” of the composite SFU is 4 times higher than the
“capacity” of simple SFU. SFU is activated through the inputs of command of
their control blocks. Every simple SFU has its own DPC and DPC common for all
of them. Uncontrollable and controllable SFU may be used to build other
(composite) SFU, more powerful than single SFU. In the real world there are few
simple SFU which bring about minimal indivisible result of action. There are a
lot more of composite SFU. For instance, the cartridge filled with grains of
gunpowder is a constituent part of SFU (SFU for a shot), but its explosion energy
is much higher that that of single grain of gunpowder. The composite SFU flow
diagram is very similar to that of simple SFU. It is only quantity variance that
stipulates the difference between the composite and simple SFU. Simple SFU
contains only one SFU, just SFU itself, whereas the composite SFU contains several
SFU,
so there
is a possibility of strengthening of the result of action. Thus, simple and
composite SFU contain two types of elements: executive elements (effectors performing
specific actions for the achievement of the system’s preset ovearll goal) and the
elements of management (block) (DPC, the analyzer-informant and the stimulator
activating SFU). Composite SFU has the same control block as the separate SFU,
i.e. the elementary one with direct positive (guiding) connection (DPC). Composite
SFU perform based on the “all-or-none” principle, too, i.e. they either produce
maximal result of action in response to external influence or wait for this
external influence and do not perform any actions. Composite SFU only differ from
simple SFU in the force or amplitude of reaction which is proportional to the number
of simple SFU. If the domino dices are placed in a sequential row the result of
their action would be the lasting sound of the falling dices which duration would
be equal to the sum of series of drops of every dice (extension of duration of the
result of action). If the domino dices are placed in a parallel row the result
of their action would be the short, but loud sound equal to the total sound
volume resulting from the drop of each separate dice (capacity
extension). The performance cycle of an ideal simple and composite SFU is
formed by micro cycles: perception and selection of external influence by the “X”
receptor and decision-making; influence on the executive elements (SFU); response/operation
of executive elements (SFU); function termination. The “X” receptor starts to operate
following the onset of external influence (the 1st micro cycle). Subsequently
some time would be spent for the decision-making, since this decision itself is
the result of action of certain SFU comprising the control block (the 2nd micro
cycle). Thereafter all SFU would be activated (joined in) (the 3rd micro cycle).
The operating time of the SFU response/operation depends on the speed of utilization
of energy spent for the SFU performance, for example, the speed of reduction of
sarcomere in a muscular cell which is determined by speed of biochemical
reactions in the muscular cell. After that all SFU terminate their function (the
4th micro cycle). At that, the SFU spends its entire energy it had and could
use to perform this action. As far as the sequence of actions and result of
action would always be the same, the measure of energy would always be the same
as well (energy quantum). In order for the SFU to be able to perform a new
action it needs to be “recharged”. It may also take some time (the time of charging).
The way it happens is discussed in the section devoted to passive and active
systems (see below). Any SFU’s performance cycle consists of these micro cycles.
Therefore, its operating cycle time would always be the
same and equal to the sum of these micro cycles. Once SFU started its actions,
it would not stop until it has accomplished its full cycle. This is the reason
of uncontrollability of any SFU in the course of their performance (absolute adiaphoria),
whereby the external influence may quickly finish and resume, but it would not
stop and react to the new external influence until the SFU has finished
its performance. In real composite SFU these micro cycles may be supplemented
by micro cycles caused by imperfection of real objects, for example,
non-synchronism of the executive elements’ operation due to
their dissimilarity. Hence, it follows that even the elementary systems
represented by SFU do not react/operate immediately and they need some time to
produce the result of action. It is this fact that explains the inertness/lag
effect/ of systems which can be measured by using the time constant parameter.
But generally speaking it is not inertness/lag effect/, but rater a transitory (intermittent)
inertness of an object (adiaphoria), its inability to respond to the external
influence at certain phases of its performance. True inertness is explained by
independence of the result of action of the system which produced this result
(see below). Time constant is the time between the onset of external influence
and readiness for a new external influence after the achievement of the result of
action. The analogues of composite SFU are all objects which operate similarly
to avalanche. The “domino principle” works in such cases. One impact brings
about the downfall of the whole. However, the number of downfalls would be
equal to the number of SFU. Pushing one domino dice will cause its drop
resulting just in one click. Pushing a row of domino dices will result in as
many clicks as is the number of dices in the row. Biological analogues of composite
SFU are, for example, functional ventilation units (FVU), each of which
consisting of large group (several hundred) of alveoli which are simultaneously
joining in process of ventilation or escape from it. Liver acynuses, vascular
segments of mesentery, pulmonary vascular functional units, etc., are the analogues
of composite SFU. Thus, simple SFU is the object which can react to certain
external influence, while the result of its performance would always be maximal
because the control block would not control it, i.e. it works under the “all-or-none”
law. The type of its reaction is caused by the type of SFU. There are two kinds
of simple SFU: uncontrollable and controllable. Both react to the specific
external influence. But additional external permission signal at the command
entry point is required for the operation of controllable SFU, whereas the
uncontrollable SFU have no command entry point. Therefore, the uncontrollable SFU
does not depend on any external guiding signals. The control block of
controllable and uncontrollable SFU consists of the analyzer-informant and has
only DPC (the “Х” informant and afferent channels). The composite Systemic
Functional Unit is a kind of an object similar
to simple SFU, but the result of its action is stronger. It works under the “all-or-none”
law, too, and its reaction is stipulated by type and number of its SFU. It can
really be that the constituent parts of composite SFU may be controllable and
uncontrollable, and the difference between them may only be stipulated by the
presence of command entry point in the general control block through which the
permission for the performance of action is communicated. The control block of
a system is elementary, too, and has only DPC and analyzer-informant.
Hence, any SFU function under the “all-or-none” law. SFU is arranged in such a
way that it either does nothing, or gives out a maximal result of action. Its
elementary result of action is either delivered or not delivered. There might
be SFU which delivers the result of action, for example, twice as large as the
result of action of another SFU. But it will always be twice as
large. Each result of action of a simple SFU is quantum of action (indivisible
portion), at that being maximal for the given SFU. It is indivisible because SFU
cannot deliver part (for instance, half) of the result of action. And as far as
it is “the indivisible portion” there can not be a gradation. For instance, SFU
may be opened or closed, generate or not generate electric current, secrete or
not secrete something, etc. But it cannot regulate the quantity of the result
of action as its result always is either not delivered or is maximal. Such
operating mode is very rough, inaccurate and unfavorable both for the SFU per
se and its goal/objective. Let’s imagine that instead of a steering wheel in
our car there will be a device which will right away maximally swerve to the
right when we turn a steering wheel to the right or will maximally swerve to
the left if we turn it to the left. Instead of smooth and accurate trimming to follow
the designate course of movement the car will be harshly rushing about from
right to left and other way round. The goal will not be achieved and the car
will be destroyed. Basically the composite Systemic Functional Unit could have delivered
graded result of action since it has several SFU which it could actuate in a variable
sequence. But such system cannot do so because it “does not see” the result of
action and cannot compare it with what should be done/what it should be.
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