The manager as a teacher: selected aspects of stimulation of scientsfsc thinking
Thirdly, in order to “hack”
into the control of other systems the given system should have physical or any
other possibility to connect its own exit point of result of action or own stimulator
to the entry point of the command of any other system. In this case this other
system becomes the subsystem subordinate to the given control block, i.e. the
systems should have physical possibility to combine exits of their stimulators
and/or results of action with the command entry points of other
systems. For this purpose they should be mobile. There are types of devices for
which the requirement of physical mobility is not necessary, but, nevertheless,
information from one system may flow into control blocks of other devices.
These are the so-called relay networks, for example, computer operating
networks, cerebral cortex, etc., in which virtual mobility is possible, i.e.
the possibility of switching of information flows. In such networks the
information can be “pumped over”/downloaded/ in those directions in which it is
required. For example, human feet are intended for walking, while hands – for
handiwork. How is predestination effected? In principle hands and feet are
structured identically, with the same autopodium, the same fingers (the same executive
elements). Nevertheless, it is practically impossible, for example, to brush
the hair with feet. Why? Because there are certain stereotypes of movements in
the cerebral cortex, without which hands are not hands and feet are not feet.
But we know cases when a person who lost both hands and nevertheless, he
perfectly coped with many household affairs with the help of feet and took part
in a circus show. How was it possible? Some kind of remodeling/change/ occurred
in his brain and he changed his stereotypes. Cerebral structures which were
previously controlling hands have “downloaded” their “knowledge bases” into
those cerebral structures which operate the feet. Cerebral cortex was only able
to do it thanks to the presence of its property of relay circuits, i.e. the
possibility to turn information flows to the directions required for the given
purpose. Organization and reorganization of systems may be incidental and
target-oriented. In incidental organization or reorganization there is no
special control block which has the goal and decision on building of a new
system, even more so in such a detail that, for example, such-and-such exit
point of a stimulator needs to be connected to such-and such command entry
point. Fortuity is determined by probability. That’s where the law of large
numbers works, which reads: “If theoretically something may happen, it will
surely happen, provided a very large number of occurrences”. The more the
number of cases is, the higher is the probability of appearance of any systems,
successful and unsuccessful, because fortuity creates the systems, the
probability sets their configuration and the external medium makes natural
selection. Therefore evolution lasts very long, sorting out multitude of
occurrences (development options). It is for this reason that various
combinations of connections of parts of systems occur. Therefore, both
nonviable monsters and the systems most adaptable to the given conditions may
be formed. Those weak are annihilated, while those strong transfer their
“knowledge bases” and “bases of decisions” to their posterior generations in
the form of genetically embedded properties and instincts. It is not so
important in the organization of systems which control block (simple or
complex) the coalescing (organizing) systems have. What is only important is
that the exit points of stimulators or results of action of one kind of systems
connect to the command entry points of the others. Control blocks of coalescing
systems may be of any kind, from elementary to self-training. At that, even if
the self-training block (i.e. sufficiently developed) “would not want” to
connect its command entry point to the exit point of stimulator or the result
of action of other system, even the simplest one, it still won’t be able of
doing anything if it fails to safeguard its command entry
point. The virus “does not ask the permission” of a cell when it “downloads”
its genetic information in the cell’s DNA. The decision on reorganization of
the system (purpose) may come from the outside, from the operating system sited
higher on a hierarchy scale. It is passive purposefulness, since the initiative
comes from the outside. The external system “tells” the given system: “As soon
as you see such-and-such system, affix it immediately to yourself”. The system
can undertake active actions for such an organization, but it is not yet
self-organizing as such, but an imposed (forced, prescriptive) organization.
But if it “occurs” to the system that “it would be quite good if that green
thing that stuck to me is included as a component in my own structure, since
the experience shows it can deliver glucose for me from СО2 and
light”, it would then mean self-organizing. Thus, perhaps, once upon a time
chlorophyll was included in the structure of seaweed. Most
likely, it did not happen purposefully, but rather accidentally
(accidental organization), as we cannot be sure that those ancient seaweeds had
a self-training control block, and the independent “thought” may only occur in
the system with such control block. This example is only drawn to illustrate
what we call a self-organizing system. But the idea to take a stick in one’s
hands to extend the hand and get the fruit hanging high on the tree is only a
prerogative of the higher animals and the human being, which is a true example
of self-organization. Only the systems with self-training control block can
evaluate the external situation, properly assess the significance of all the
novelty surrounding the given system and draw conclusion on the expediency of
reorganization. It is an active purposefulness anyway, since the initiative
originated inside the given system and it “decided” on its own and no one
“imposed” it on the system. External medium dictates conditions of existence of
the systems and it can “force” the system to make the decision on
reorganization. But the decision on the time and character of reorganization is
taken by the system itself on the basis of its own experience and
possibilities. Only systems with self-training control block can initiate active
purposefulness, can be deliberately the self-organizing systems. Thus, a man
has invented work tools, having thus strengthened the possibilities of its
body. At that, it should be noted that the decision on self-organizing does
not indicate at the freedom of choice of the goal of the system, but a freedom
of choice of its actions for the achievement of the goal set from the outside.
In order to implement its goal in a better way, for example, to survive in
such-and-such conditions, the system makes the decision on reorganization so
that to better adapt to external conditions and enhance its survival chances.
Metabolism and types of
self-organization. All the above was only concerning the creation of new
systems and their development. But any systems are continually exposed to
various external influences which sooner or later destroy them. Our world is in
continuous and uninterrupted movement. The speeds of this movement may vary:
somewhere events occur once in millions years, while somewhere else millions
times a second. But most likely it is impossible to find a
single place in the Universe where no movement of any kind
(thermal, electric, gravitational, etc.) occurs. Hence, the process of negative
entropy is always present. Any systems are always being reorganized at the
expense of disintegration of more complex systems that have been existing
earlier, which grow old (degenerate). Destruction is a process of loss by
systems of their SFU. Systems of mineral nature (crystals, any other amorphous,
but inanimate bodies, planetary, stellar and galactic systems) continuously
undergo various external influences and are scattered with varying speed due to
the loss of their SFU. Mineral nature grows old and changes, because the
entropy law - from more complex to more simple - works. In the mineral nature
complexification (generation) can only occur in case of excess of internal
energy or its continuous inflow from the outside. Thus, in a thermonuclear pile
of ordinary stars nuclei of complex atoms including atoms of iron were formed.
But the energy of such piles is not yet sufficient for the formation of heavier
nuclei. All other heavier nuclei were formed as a result of explosions of
supernovae and the release of super-power energy. Therefore, figuratively
speaking, our bodies are built of stellar ashes. But as soon as energy of
thermonuclear synthesis comes to an end, the star starts to die out, passing
through certain phases. We do not know yet all phases of the development and
dying of stars, but if failing “to undertake some sort of measures” after a
very long period of time not only stars, but atoms as well, including their
components (protons, neutrons and electrons) will be shivered. Thus, the free
neutron “unprotected” by intranuclear system breaks up into a proton, electron
and neutrino within 12 minutes. Hence, the atomic and intranuclear system is
the system of stabilization of a neutron protecting atom and its elements from
disintegration. But even such stable and seemingly eternal stellar formations
such as “black holes” “evaporate” in the course of time, expending their mass
for gravitational waves. In the absence of energy inflow the system would just
flake/scatter and lose its SFU. It follows explicitly from thermodynamics laws.
The so-called “thermal entropic death” is coming forth. Destruction of systems
under the influence of external environment is the forced entropic
reorganization (degeneration), rather than self-organization. The objects of
mineral nature possess only passive destruction protection facilities and one
of the major means of protection is integration of elements in a system
(generation). Consequently, the emergence of systems and their evolution in
mineral nature represents means of protection of these elements from
destruction. One can not conquer alone. The system is always stronger than
singletons. Formation of connections/bonds between the elements and the
emergence of generation type systems in mineral nature is the passive way of
protection of elements against the destructive effect of negative entropy. The
weakest bodies are ionic and gas clouds, while the strongest ones are crystals.
However, all of them cannot resist external
influences indefinitely long, because they react only after their occurrence,
and they cannot resist entropy. Consequently, the presence of passive means for
the protection against destruction is insufficient. Whatever solid and large
the crystals might be, they would be scattered /flaked in the lapse of time
either. In order to keep the system from destruction it is necessary to
replenish destroyed parts continually. Systems of vegetative, animal and human
nature also undergo various external influences and also are scattered (worn
out) with varying speed. And it happens for the same reason and the same law of
negative entropy, i.e. from more complex to more simple (degeneration) works.
But these systems differ from the systems of mineral nature that actively try
to resist destruction by continual renewal of their SFU structures. This
renewal occurs at the expense of continuous building of new SFU in substitution
of the destroyed ones. This process of renewal of destroyed SFU also represents
structural regeneration as such – a purposeful metabolism. Therefore,
metabolism of living organisms is an active way of protection of systems from
destructive effect of negative entropy (from degeneration). In mineral nature metabolism
may take place as well, but it essentially differs from metabolism of any
living systems. Crystals grow from the oversaturated saline solution, the
atmosphere exchanges water and gases with the seas, automobile and other
internal combustion engines consume fuel and oxygen and discharge carbon
dioxide. But if a crystal is taken out from saline solution, it will just
collapse and will not undertake any measures on conservation of its structure.
When a camshaft in the automobile engine is worn out the car does nothing to
replace it. Instead, it is done by man. Any actions of the system directed
towards the replacement of destroyed and lost SFU represent self-organization
anyway, which in the living nature is called structural self-reorganization or
metabolism. In mineral nature structural self-reorganization is nonexistent.
Any living system, regardless of its complexity, would undertake certain
actions for the conservation of its structure. At that, there are always two
flows of substances in living systems – flow of energy and
“structural”/constructive/ flow. The energy flow is intended to provide energy
for any actions of systems, including structural self-reorganization, as it is
necessary every time to build new connections/bonds which require energy
(regeneration). “Structural” flow of substances is only used for structural
regeneration, i.e. replacement of worn out SFU for the new ones (in this case
we do not examine the system’s growth, i.e. generation). When we talk about
self-reorganization we mean “structural” flow of
substances, although such flow is impossible without energy. Myocardium in
humans completely renews (regenerates) its molecular structure approximately
within a month. It means that its myocardiocytes, or rather their elements
(myofibrillas, sarcomeres, organelles, membranes, etc.) are continually being
worn out and collapse, but are continually built again at the same speed.
Outwardly we can see one and the same myocardial cell, but eventually its
molecular composition is being completely renewed. Throughout the human
lifespan the type of organization varies. In the early years of life
organization occurs at the expense of inclusion of new additional elements in
the structure (generation, the organism grows and develops), whereas starting
from the mid-life period degeneration predominantly takes place, i.e.
destruction process (disintegration of the previously existing more complex
system). But these are now the particulars associated with imperfection of real
living systems. For any system the overall objective is to exist in this World,
and for this purpose it should counteract destructive influences, for which
purpose it should have specific SFU which facilitate its operation and which
continuously collapse and need to be continuously renewed, i.e. build anew,
since regeneration is the essence of self-reorganization by means of
metabolism. Hence, the living nature differs from inanimate first of all in
that metabolism is intended for the conservation of its structure (structural
regeneration). In principle, any reaction of any systems is directed towards
conservation of the systems. Control block of systems takes care of it using
all its possibilities for this purpose: DPC, NF and analyzers for the SFU
operation. But in mineral nature there are only passive ways of protection. And
when the system of mineral nature loses its SFU, it does not undertake any
active measure to replace them. It would try to resist the external influence,
but no more than that. In vegetative and animal nature and humans the systems
cannot passively resist the destructive effect of environment either, they also
collapse, but anyway they have active means of restoration of the destroyed
parts, they have the purposeful metabolism aimed at replacement of the lost SFU
(structural regeneration). It uses two mechanisms of the so-called genetic
regeneration: reproduction of systems (the parent will die, but children will
remain) and reproduction of elements of systems (regeneration of elements of
cells and tissue cells themselves). These ways of conservation of systems are
sufficiently effective. It is known how complex it is to get rid of weeds in
the field. There are sequoias aged several thousand years that are found in
nature. At the level of separate individuals of a species this genetic system
proves as the system with simple control block, as simple automatic machine
because the DNA molecule does not have remote sensors, is has no
analyzer-correlator and it is impossible to develop conditioned reflexes in it
during the lifespan of one individual. But at the level of species of living
systems genetic mechanism proves anyway as a
system with complex control block because it “has a notion”
of space and it has collective memory in the form of conditioned reflexes and it
is able of self-training (adaptation of species). It is for this reason that
genetic accumulation of collective experience occurs, which then is shown in
the form of instincts at the level of separate individuals of a species. This
collective genetic mechanism watches that tomato looks like tomato, a cockroach
looks like a cockroach and chimpanzee looks like a chimpanzee, and it watches
that the behavior of the systems is relevant. We do not know yet all the
details of this mechanism, although genomes of many living organisms, including
human genomes, are developed. We know that genes contain recorded genetic
information on how to structure this or another protein, but we do not know yet
how, for example, how the form of the nose constructed from this protein is
preset. The gene is known responsible for the generation of pigment that
tinctures the iris /orbital septum/ but we do not know how the form
and the size of this septum is coded. This mechanism is probably realized only
partially in the DNA itself, as a genome of an insect has much more in common,
let’s say, with a human genome, than the insect itself with the human being. We
do not know how the feelers of any insect of such-and-such length are
programmed and where it is recorded that it should have eight pedicles or one
horn on its head. And why from these proteins programmed in one of the DNA
genes structures in the form of the feelers should be built in this particular
place, while the structures in the form of intestinal tubules should be built in
another place. Protein molecules are very complex and gigantic formations in
terms of molecular sizes with a very sophisticated three-dimensional
configuration. Probably, separate molecules of certain albumen types,
incidentally or non-incidentally, may approach each other so that to form, like
in a puzzle, the albuminous conglomerate only of a specific
shape. In that way it is possible to explain both the form and sizes of
albuminous structures. We can also assume that casually assembled
lame/poor forms have been rejected by evolution, while those successful were
purposefully fixed in genes. Consequently, the difference of forms of organs
constructed of identical proteins is explained by the difference of the protein
molecules structure? It may be true... But why then keratin here is formed in
the shape of elytra, and there – in the form of horns or some kind of septa in
the insect’s body? DNA only programs building material – albumen/proteins,
rather than the structure (form), i.e. the organs built of these proteins,
since DNA contains a record of only how to structure the proteins (the “bricks”
for building a structure). But where is “the drawing of the entire building”
and its configuration recorded? There are no answers for the present. So,
living systems have the purposeful genetic structural regeneration which is
intended for continual renewal of elements of the system. Genetic mechanism
uses the “database” recorded in DNA and realized by means of RNA. If it were
not for the failures in this system, there would have been no mutations and
variability of species. However, the “faulty” mechanism of mutations is too
much subjected to contingencies and cannot be target-oriented just because of
contingency (incidental self-organization). Reproductive mechanism of mutations
allows making selection by some features, and this is exactly a purposeful
mutation (purposeful self-organization). This mechanism can change its program
due to cross mating or at the moment of changing life phases (larva→chrysalis→moth),
although the possibilities of such change are still very limited. A wolf will
never beget a tiger and a trunk will never grow in a wolf either, even if there
would be a sudden need in it, at least, for sure, not during the lifespan of
one generation. But if me myself, for example, need right now to “reconstruct”
a hand to extend it and to tear off a fruit from a tree, should I then wait for
several generations to pass for my hand to grow and extend? Can’t one get
transmuted without resorting to metabolism? It is possible if “conscious”
self-organization is added. All living beings, including humans, have genetic
system of contingency self-organization and in this sense the human being is
the same animal as any other animal. But “conscious” and purposeful type of
self-organization is only inherent in human beings. Systems with preset
(target-oriented) properties will always be forming only in the event that
organization or reorganization of systems is purposeful. Only the control block
“knows” about the goal of the system and only it can make a decision, including
on the system reorganization. However, not each control block is suitable for
target-oriented reorganization. In order to decide that “that system” needs to
be attached to itself it is necessary to “see” this system, know its property
and define, even prior to beginning interaction, whether these properties suit
for the achievement of its own purpose. And for this purpose it is necessary to
be able to “see” and assess the situation around the given system. All
self-training systems are able of making such an analysis. Therefore, many
higher animals can reorganize their body by enhancing its possibilities with
additional executive elements. They use tools of work (stones, sticks, etc.)
for hunting food. But these animals, perhaps, act at the level of instincts,
i.e. at the level of genetic self-organization, because even insects can use
work tools. True “conscious” self-organization at the given stage of evolution
is only present in human being because only he/she has analyzers-abstractors of
respective degree of complexity. Only the human being could develop instruments
of labor up to the level of modern technologies because it has second signaling
system which helped to accumulate the experience of the previous generations by
fixing it in the abstract form, in the form of the script. And only the human
being using this experience has realized that there exists metabolism in a
living organism and that it is possible to influence an organism so that to
reorganize, if the need arises (to cure sick organism). Structural regeneration
is intended for conservation of the systems’ structure.
However, metabolism is not a full warranty from the destruction of systems
either. Plants cannot foresee the forthcoming destruction because they do not
possess the notion of space and they do not see the situation around them,
because they have simple control block. Fire will creep up and burn a plant,
the animal will approach and eat it, while the plant will quietly waiting for
its lot because it does not see the surrounding situation, does not know the
forecast and it does not have corresponding decisions regarding specific
situations. That is why the systems emerged with more complex control blocks
(animals and humans) which can anticipate a situation and protect themselves
from destruction. Animals know about space and see the situation around,
because they have more complex control blocks. They can compete very
effectively with mineral and vegetative media. But competition between the
animal species has placed them in new circumstances. Now it is not enough to
have only complex control block and to see the surrounding situation. In order
to survive it is not enough only to be able of scampering or be strong
physically, it is necessary to better orient itself in space and better assess
the situation and be able to make conclusions of own failures in case of
survival. For this purpose it is necessary to develop control blocks. The more
complex the control block, the higher is the degree of safety. And now it is
not physical strength which is a criterion of advantage, but cognitive ability,
i.e. the more complex the control block is (the brain with all its hierarchy of
neural structures), the better. Knowledge is virtue. At that, the purposes of
metabolism in animals and humans are the same as in flora, i.e. reproduction of
systems and reproduction of elements of systems. Hence, in process of evolution
advancement to ensure higher degree of safety of systems, the possibilities of regeneration
in the form of metabolism were supplemented by intellectual possibilities of
control blocks. Regardless of what kind of nature the system belongs to
(mineral, vegetative, animal or human) one of its main purposes is always to
preserve itself and its structure. But in mineral nature there are only passive
ways of conservation, whereas in the organic nature active ways of conservation
do exist: self-organization at the expense of purposeful metabolism. Therefore,
struggle for food has always been the foundation of existence. But metabolism
only is not sufficient. Therefore, in animals new active ways of protection are
added: assessment of external situation and protection from the destructive
external influences (complex reflexes, behavioral reactions). However, complex
reflexes are not enough either, as it is necessary also to learn new situations
and be able of making new decisions (reflexes to new stimuli/exciters). But
these appeared to be insufficient as well because of limitation of personal experience.
Therefore, personal experience was supplemented by collective experience for
the account of the first signaling system (conditioned reflexes: the first
signaling system, complex behavioral reactions). And as far as the lifespan of
each system is limited, in order to transfer experience to the subsequent
generations second signaling system emerged which allows to save personal
experience of each system in the form of the script regardless of the system’s
lifespan. Consequently in order to better preserve itself, it is necessary for
the system to change and complicate continually the structure (evolution and
development of species) and, apparently to be on the safe side, it’s
nevertheless better to be more complex rather than simpler (evolution race).
Thus, a system may have: incidental organization; generation (incidental
physical coincidence of exit points of stimulator or result of action of one
systems with the command entry points of control block or entry points of
external influence of other systems; may be present in systems with any control
blocks,
including elementary); degeneration (destruction, structural
simplification, loss of SFU under the influence of environment – other systems,
may be the systems with any control blocks, including elementary); purposeful
organization; forced generation (purposeful physical combination of
exit points of stimulator or result of action of one systems with the command
entry points of control block or entry points of external influence of other
systems; may be in systems with any control blocks, including elementary);
forced degeneration (destruction, structural simplification, loss of SFU of the
system due to the purposeful effect of other systems; may be in systems with
any control blocks, including elementary); self-organization; functional
regeneration (operation of the system proper, actuation or de-actuation of
functions of own SFU, depending on situational needs, without change of the
structure; may be in systems with any control blocks, including elementary);
genetic structural regeneration in the form of metabolism and reproduction of
individuals directed towards preservation of its
structure (may be in systems with control blocks, starting from simple ones);
genetic structural regeneration in the form of
instinctive/subconscious/ structural reorganization aimed
at strengthening the possibilities of an organism by using other systems, that
are not an immediate part of the given system (subjects) (uses “genetic” memory
and may be present in systems with control blocks, starting from simple ones);
conscious structural regeneration directed to strengthening of possibilities of
an organism by use of other systems, not being an immediate part of the given
system (subjects) (various technologies; it is aimed at strengthening the
possibilities of an organism, may be present in systems with control blocks,
starting from complex ones with the second signaling system). As we can see,
there is a succession present in the given classification of organization of systems,
as it includes everything that exists in our World, starting from objects of
mineral nature and including human activities in the form of industrial
technologies.
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